Biography of Pancho Villa -- The Centaur of the North

Biography of Pancho Villa The Centaur of the North Pancho Villa (1878-1923) was a Mexican bandit, warlord and revolutionary. One of the most important figures of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), he was a fearless fighter, clever military commander and important power broker during the years of conflict. His vaunted Division of the North was, at one time, the strongest army in Mexico and he was instrumental in the downfall of both Porfirio Dà ­az and Victoriano Huerta. When the alliance of Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregà ³n finally defeated him, he responded by waging a guerrilla war which included an attack on Columbus, New Mexico. He was assassinated in 1923. Early Years Pancho Villa was born Doroteo Arango to a family of impoverished sharecroppers who worked land belonging to the wealthy and powerful Là ³pez Negrete family in the state of Durango. According to legend, when young Doroteo caught one of the Là ³pez Negrete clan trying to rape his sister Martina, he shot him in the foot and fled to the mountains. There he joined a band of outlaws and soon rose to a position of leadership through his bravery and ruthlessness. He earned good money as a bandit and gave some if it back to the poor, which earned him a reputation as a sort of Robin Hood. Revolution Breaks Out The Mexican Revolution broke out in 1910 when Francisco I. Madero, who had lost a crooked election to dictator Porfirio Dà ­az, declared himself president and called for the people of Mexico to take up arms. Arango, who had changed his name to Pancho Villa (after his grandfather) by then, was one who answered the call. He brought his bandit force with him and soon became one of the most powerful men in the north as his army swelled. When Madero returned to Mexico from exile in the United States in 1911, Villa was the one who welcomed him. Villa knew he was no politician but he saw promise in Madero and vowed to take him to Mexico City. The Campaign Against Dà ­az The corrupt regime of Porfirio Dà ­az was still entrenched in power, however. Villa soon gathered an army around him, including an elite cavalry unit. Around this time he earned the nickname â€Å"the Centaur of the North† because of his riding skill. Along with fellow warlord Pascual Orozco, Villa controlled the north of Mexico, defeating federal garrisons and capturing towns. Dà ­az might have been able to handle Villa and Orozco, but he also had to worry about the guerrilla forces of Emiliano Zapata in the south, and before too long it was evident that Dà ­az could not defeat the enemies arrayed against him. He left the country in April of 1911, and Madero entered the capital in June, triumphant. In Defense of Madero Once in office, Madero quickly got into trouble. Remnants of the Dà ­az regime despised him, and he alienated his allies by not honoring his promises to them. Two key allies he turned against him were Zapata, who was disappointed to see that Madero had little interest in land reform, and Orozco, who had hoped in vain that Madero would give him a lucrative post, such as state governor. When these two men once again took up arms, Madero called on Villa, his only remaining ally. Along with General Victoriano Huerta, Villa fought and defeated Orozco, who was forced into exile in the United States. Madero could not see those enemies closest to him, however, and Huerta, once back in Mexico City, betrayed Madero, arrested him and ordered him executed before setting himself up as president. Campaign Against Huerta Villa had believed in Madero and was devastated by his death. He quickly joined an alliance of Zapata and revolution newcomers Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregà ³n dedicated to removing Huerta. By then, Villas Division of the North was the most powerful and feared military unit in the nation and his soldiers numbered in the tens of thousands. Huerta was surrounded and outnumbered, even though Orozco had returned and joined him, bringing his army with him. Villa led the fight against Huerta, defeating federal forces in cities all over northern Mexico. Carranza, a former governor, named himself Chief of the Revolution, which irritated Villa although he accepted it. Villa did not want to be president, but he did not like Carranza. Villa saw him as another Porfirio Dà ­az and wanted someone else to lead Mexico once Huerta was out of the picture. In May of 1914, the way was clear for an attack on the strategic town of Zacatecas, where there was a major railway junction that could carry the revolutionaries right into Mexico City. Villa attacked Zacatecas on June 23. The Battle of Zacatecas was a huge military victory for Villa: barely a few hundred out of 12,000 federal soldiers survived. After the loss at Zacatecas, Huerta knew his cause was lost and tried to surrender to gain some concessions, but the allies would not let him off the hook so easily. Huerta was forced to flee, naming an interim president to rule until Villa, Obregà ³n, and Carranza reached Mexico City. Villa Versus Carranza With Huerta gone, hostilities between Villa and Carranza broke out almost immediately. A number of delegates from the leading figures of the revolution got together at the Convention of Aguascalientes in October of 1914, but the interim government put together at the convention did not last and the country was once again embroiled  in a civil war. Zapata remained holed up in Morelos, only fighting those who ventured onto his turf, and Obregà ³n decided to support Carranza, mostly because he felt Villa was a loose cannon and Carranza was the lesser of two evils. Carranza set himself up as  President of Mexico  until elections could take place and sent Obregà ³n and his army after the rebellious Villa. At first, Villa and his generals, such as  Felipe Angeles, scored decisive victories against Carranza. But in April, Obregà ³n brought his army north and lured Villa into a fight.  The Battle of Celaya took place from April 6-15, 1915 and was a huge victory for Obregà ³n. Villa limped away but Obregà ³n chased him and the two fought at the Battle of Trinidad (April 29-June 5, 1915). Trinidad was another huge loss for Villa and the once-mighty Division of the North was in tatters. In October, Villa crossed the mountains into Sonora, where he hoped to defeat Carranzas forces and regroup. During the crossing, Villa lost Rodolfo Fierro, his most loyal  officer, and cruel hatchet man. Carranza had reinforced Sonora, however, and Villa was defeated. He was forced to cross back into Chihuahua with what was left of his army. By December, it was evident to Villas officers that Obregà ³n and Carranza had won: most of the Division of the North accepted an offer of amnesty and switched sides. Villa himself headed into the mountains with 200 men, determined to keep fighting. The Guerrilla Campaign and the Attack on Columbus Villa had officially gone rogue. His army down to a couple of hundred men, he resorted to banditry to keep his men supplied with food and ammunition. Villa became increasingly  erratic and blamed the Americans for his losses in Sonora. He detested  Woodrow Wilson  for recognizing the Carranza government and began harassing any and all Americans that crossed his path. On the morning of March 9, 1916, Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico, with 400 men. The plan was to defeat the small garrison and make off with weapons and ammunition as well as to rob the bank and get revenge on one Sam Ravel, an American arms dealer who had once double-crossed Villa and a Columbus resident. The attack failed on every level: the American garrison was much stronger than Villa had suspected, the bank went unrobbed, and Sam Ravel had gone to El Paso. Still, the fame Villa gained by having the guts to attack a town in the United States gave him a new lease on life. Recruits once again joined his army and word of his deeds  was  spread far and wide, often romanticized in song. The Americans sent  General Jack Pershing  into Mexico after Villa. On March 15, he took 5,000 American soldiers across the border. This action became known as the â€Å"Punitive Expedition† and it was a fiasco. Finding the elusive Villa proved next to impossible and logistics were a nightmare. Villa was wounded in a skirmish in late March and spent two months recovering alone in a hidden cave: he dispersed his men into small squads and told them to fight on while he healed. When he came out, many of his men had been killed, including some of his best officers. Undaunted, he took again to the hills, fighting both the Americans and Carranzas forces. In June, there was a confrontation between Carranzas forces and the Americans just south of Ciudad Jurez. Cool heads prevented another war between Mexico and the United States, but it was clear that it was time for Pershing to leave. By early 1917 all American forces had left Mexico, and Villa was still at large. After Carranza Villa remained in the hills and mountains of northern Mexico, attacking small federal garrisons and eluding capture until  1920 when the political situation changed. In 1920, Carranza backed off a promise to support Obregà ³n for president. This was a fatal mistake, as Obregà ³n still had much support in many sectors of society, including the army. Carranza, fleeing Mexico City, was assassinated on May 21, 1920. The death of Carranza was an opportunity for  Pancho Villa. He began negotiations with the government to disarm and stop fighting. Although Obregà ³n was against it, Provisional President Adolfo de la Huerta saw it as an opportunity and brokered a deal with Villa in July. Villa was granted a large hacienda, where many of his men joined him, and his veterans were all given mustering-out pay and an amnesty was declared for Villa, his  officers, and men.  Eventually, even Obregà ³n saw the wisdom of peace with Villa and honored the deal. Death of Villa Obregà ³n was elected President of Mexico in September of 1920, and he began the work of rebuilding the nation.  Villa,  retired to his hacienda in Canutillo, began farming and ranching. Neither man forgot about one another, and the people never forgot Pancho Villa: how could they, when the songs about his daring and cleverness were still sung up and down Mexico? Villa kept a low profile and was seemingly friendly with Obregà ³n, but soon the new president decided the time had come to get rid of Villa once and for all. On July 20, 1923, Villa was  gunned down as he drove a car  in the town of Parral. Although he was never directly implicated in the killing, it is clear that Obregà ³n gave the order, perhaps because he feared Villas interference (or possible candidacy) in the 1924 elections. Pancho Villas Legacy The people of Mexico were devastated to hear of Villas death: he was still a folk hero for his defiance of the Americans, and he was seen as a possible savior from the harshness of the Obregà ³n administration. The ballads continued to be sung and even those who had hated him in life mourned his death. Over the years, Villa has continued to evolve into a mythological figure. Mexicans have forgotten his role in the bloody Revolution, forgotten his massacres and executions and robberies. All that is left is his daring, cleverness and defiance, which continue to be celebrated by many Mexicans in art,  literature, and film. Perhaps it is better this way: Villa himself certainly would have approved. Source: McLynn, Frank.  Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.

5 Ways to Reduce Workplace Stress and Live a Happier Life

5 Ways to Reduce Workplace Stress and Live a Happier Life A whopping 83 percent of Americans feel workplace stress, according to a recent study of work and stress. Topping the list of stresses in the workplace? Workload claims a staggering 46 percent, followed by people issues (28 percent), work/life balance (20 percent), and lack of job security (six percent). But just because stress is prevalent doesn’t mean it has to be a fact of life. Consider these five simple ways to reduce your stress and lead a happier, more fulfilling professional life. 1. Prioritize, Prioritize, PrioritizeThe research is in, and it may surprise you. While you may take great pride in your ability to multitask, science suggests that it’s probably doing you more harm than good. Stanford scientists have determined that attempting to process more than one stream of information at a time is not only less productive than you think, but also leads to impaired cognitive function.Rather than attempting to do everything at once, prioritize your work and stick t o a schedule for best results. Avoid distractions like email alerts, text messages, and other tasks not immediately related to the job at hand.2. Speak UpYour manager and coworkers have their own professional goals to meet. So who is your best advocate in the workplace? The answer is simple: you are. Many bosses will keep piling on responsibilities in the workplace equivalent of a game of â€Å"Chicken.† Don’t let that happen.Instead, speak up if you are overwhelmed with work. He/she may be able to assign the project to a different worker, or extend the deadline. Maintaining open lines of communication with your boss also demonstrates initiative, whereas missing deadlines and turning in shoddy or incomplete work shows a lack of professionalism.3. Clear Away ClutterClutter is more than just an eyesore. Research from the Princeton University Neuroscience Institute shows that it can also detrimentally impact your ability to process information and focus. To optimize your performance, clear away all clutter from your work environment. You’ll not only be more productive, but also less irritable - a benefit for you and your coworkers alike.4. Seek Completion, Not PerfectionWhen time is tight and tasks are many, striving for perfection - which may or may not be attainable - stands in the way of your ultimate goal: completion. Performance anxiety can be immobilizing.Rather than giving in to the quest for perfection, accept your best effort and move one. If you’re stuck on a task, take a break. A brisk walk or healthy snack can help you recharge, push through, and wrap up.5. Plan AheadWhen six o’clock rolls around, you may still have a pile of paperwork through which to plow. Take a minute to pat yourself on the back by reflecting on the day’s accomplishments. Then inventory what remains to be done in order of important. This will not only leave you with valuable peace of mind, but can also help you get the next work day off to a great start.While workplace stress is a reality for millions of Americans, there are ways to take control and turn the tables. These five tips can help you enjoy an enhanced quality of life - both in and out of the office.

Political Interactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Interactions - Essay Example While business corporates are interested in their business growth and activities, the government is interested in working in the best interest of the society through implementing business regulations, environmental protection as well as standard in practices. Essentially, businesses and the government act as an important source of the transaction between the private and public sector. This brings a strong interaction between the business corporates and the government through policies. This aims towards addressing issues about quality production and environment protection. Since some of the issues can become conflicting between the government and the businesses, it requires them to lobby together in the benefit of society in general. In circumstances of global financial crisis, the government must always intervene to strain off the national debt and encourage improved business condition to the enterprises. All these interventions act in the interest of the business entities by ensurin g their successes. However, the business corporates must comply by ensuring orientation and competitive business concepts. These include fulfilling the modern market demands of the expected products and services, improving the quality of products and using the most modern information and digital technology in production. There are various ways through which the businesses strategically use lobbying to influence the outcomes of the policies formulated to guide business. According to Karthik, Sandra, and Ian (2015), some businesses enterprises are involved in financing of democratic processes as a means of lobbying for the formulation of policies that act best in their interests.

Breast Cancer Prevention by Conjugated Linoleic Acid Essay

Breast Cancer Prevention by Conjugated Linoleic Acid - Essay Example Tumor can grow to the breast. Some do so normally, but others are health threats. There are various types of malignant breast cancer. They are classified based on the type of breast cell involved. The most usual cases of Breast cancer involve abnormal growth of the cells in the milk-producing lobules and ducts. Minor causes involve the other cells of the mammary glands and neighboring tissues. There is no known single cause of cancer, but potential risks for breast cancer have been described. The most important of which is genetic mutation of a gene called BRCA and inheritance of such. Age is also considered as an important risk factor, as well as unhealthy lifestyle, that include poor diet, lack of exercises and vices. Early detection and screening is often advised to manage the disease. Simple tools as physical breast exams by palpation or crude imaging technique such as mammography are often very useful. Staying away from the modifiable risks may also offer protection. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are often used to treat cancer but recently, studies have been looking into conjugated linoleic acid as a potential treatment that could arrest the growth of tumor cells or prevent metastasis to neighboring tissues. Conjugated linoleic acid or CLA is a molecularly re-arranged version of linoleic acid derived from dairy and meat products from ruminant animals, such as beef, lamb, and veal. CLA have been found to reduce the body weight, fat production, and incidences of allergy, and diabetes. It is also implicated to increase muscle production, promote immune response, and anti-carcinogenic. In vitro and in vivo studies have been found to have greatly reduced tumor growth as well as metastasis but so far, studies have been inconclusive in human studies. Studies show that c9, t11-CLA isomer is effective in inhibiting carcinogenesis. Some studies also demonstrate the efficacy of the t10, c12-CLA

Grim First-Quarter Results for Newspapers Essay Example for Free

Grim First-Quarter Results for Newspapers Essay This particular article talks about the continuing decline in newspaper subscriptions and purchases by the general public.   Many people believe that the newspapers and all print magazines are well on their way to being extinction.   Many critics believe the reason for this is because the news can easily and efficiently be found and read on the internet.   The world wide web offers a great source of news but beyond that it allows for people to have a discussion about news topics.    This leads to a more well rounded approach to every issue that becomes news worthy.   No longer is the public blindly fed whatever the newspapers want them to read. The public can aggressively seek out information, both sides of the story, on the internet.   Obviously, as an online news reader you have to be good at research and just as good at telling the truth from fiction.   However, I think the decline of the newspaper has very little to do with the internet and blogging. In todays world, newspaper are so focused on selling adds and inserts that they fail to offer the public any interesting information.   Who wants to wade through all the advertisements only to find the information you want squished between what is on sale at the grocery store and whats one sale at JcPenneys.   When you pay for a newspaper you are paying for the news not be manipulated by marketing companies telling you what you should be, buy, and strive for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Online I can search for exactly the news story I want.   I have direct access to all the information and I dont have to dispose of all those paper inserts trying to sell me shoes.   Newspapers have failed to keep up with the demands on a now much more well informed public.   Instead of having better articles written by better authors to increase circulation (thus increasing profit) they have chosen to fill up every extra piece of space with marketing junk that most news reader could care less about.   Newspapers will die out but only because they believe money was more important than truth. lGrim First-Quarter Results for Newspapers lAd Revenue From Web Operations Become More Important to Publishers By Nat Ives Published: April 14, 2006 NEW YORK (AdAge.com) Newspapers made a bit of a grim display this week when they reported their first-quarter earnings, revealing profit declines at The New York Times Co., Tribune Co., McClatchy Co. and powerhouse Gannett Co., but displayed at every turn the rising importance of the Web to their businesses. The New York Times Co. reported perhaps the brightest results yesterday, even though first-quarter profit fell 68.5% to $35 million from $111 million a year earlier. That apparent free fall, however, mostly reflected the extra income in last years first quarter when the company sold its headquarters in Times Square. About.com boosts Times Co. The Web played a big role in the companys overall respectable results. Ad revenue rose 3.9% in the first quarter to $554.6 million, up from $533.8 million in the year previous quarter. The Times Co. ad increases were largely delivered by About.com; without that property, ad revenue would have increased just 0.7%. Earnings per share were 4 cents, a penny higher than the analysts consensus expectation compiled by Thomson Financial. Our results in the first quarter reflect higher advertising and circulation revenues at The New York Times Media Group and the Regional Media Group, in part due to the introduction of innovative new products, said Janet L. Robinson, president-CEO. But The Boston Globes unit, The New England Media Group, was again hit hard by consolidation among advertisers and a tough competitive environment, she said. Tribune looks to Web assets Another heavy-hitter, The Tribune Co., reported yesterday that its first-quarter earnings also fell to the tune of 28%, with flat ad revenue. The Tribune owns newspapers including The Los Angeles Times and The Chicago Tribune. Tribune expects online ad revenues to contribute about $350 million in 2006; it counts a stake a CareerBuilder.com among its Web assets. McClatchy Co., which agreed last month to buy Philadelphia Inquirer parent Knight Ridder, reported a 14.2% decline in first-quarter net income. Ad revenue at McClatchy, which houses newspapers including the Sacramento Bee, grew 1.4% to $237.1 million. The powerhouse that is Gannett turned in perhaps the most surprising report on April 12, announcing that net income sank 11.5% in the first quarter. Its newspapers ad revenue grew 5.7% to nearly $1.3 billion, but that factors in acquisitions without which first-quarter ad revenue would actually have fallen 1.8%. At its flagship USA Today, ad revenues declined 4.2%.

Process Essay - Bathing a Large Dog -- Expository Process Essays

Bathing a Large Dog Bathing a large dog in a bathtub is a test of human endurance equal to the most trying of Olympic events. It is, however, well worth the effort. You will be rewarded in knowing you are helping to keep your pet healthy. Additionally, you will know your home won't smell like the primate building at the zoo. To begin, prepare the bathing area. Gather several large bath towels; usually six are adequate. Put two of these on the floor near the tub. Place the additional towels on the closed commode. Use a shampoo that is especially made for the event. The Hartz Company makes an herbal scented brand that is pleasant to use. Have the shampoo within easy reach. You may want to place it on top of the closed commode. Have something at hand by which you can pour water on your dog; I suggest you use a rubber hose with a soft plastic nozzle resembling a miniature shower head. These hoses are inexpensive and attach to most bathtub water spouts. It is very important to have all of the necessary bathing supplies in the bathroom before you bring th...

The Big Society: A Realistic Objective or a Political Myth?

Chapter 1 IntroductionSocio-political backgroundThe connection between civil society and the state reflects the changing nature of the public – private interaction and poses questions about the role of government in advanced capitalist societies. The constantly changing dynamics of the public-private coexistence is a direct response to the processes of globalization and modernization, which have placed the state in an entirely different realm, and have challenged its parameters as a political entity. On the international level, what Samuel Huntington called â€Å"the third wave of democratization† (1991) has seen the globalization of world politics, and according to some, the undermined capacity of the state (Cerny, 1990; Scholte, 2006; Rosenau 1990). The third wave of democratization in the world has also been marked by the rise of the global civil society and the increasing power of non-governmental organizations and associations (Bull, 1977). On the domestic level, a similar process can be traced. Throughout the last several decades, the traditional political ubiquity of the state has been challenged, with the rise of civil society and associational democracy (Baccaro, 2002). The state no longer exists in its exhausted and narrow confinement as a ‘provider’ of public services. Its functions, theorists like Baccaro argue, have been divulged to the local communities and voluntary associations, which have become the new pillar not only of public opinion, but also for public advocacy in legislature. Civil society challenges the modern state to some extent, but its functions do not aim to undermine its capabilities. As this dissertation will argue, they seek to reinforce them.1.2 Research aimsThis dissertation will examine the feasibility and sustainability of the Big Society Project as a model of political governance. In order to do this, the author will focus on the connection between the private and the public in the contemporary state, and will assess the resuscitating power of civil society in the public sector. It will illustrate the theoretical connection between the two through the critical analysis of a rather contemporary juxtaposition between civil society and the state, proposed by the Conservative Party in 2010. Specific aspects will cover the shift of state powers from the public to the private realm.1.3 Historical trends before the Big SocietyAlthough the Big Society was represented as a strategy by the Conservative Party, its ideological tenets can be found in earlier observations, related to the rise of an independent civil state and community participation. Attempts to accommodate civil society and the state in the same political equation have started at the turn of the last century, with a deep reconsideration of the main characteristics of advanced capitalist societies and the role of the state. A leading Marxist theorist, Antonio Gramsci proposes a classic division between the state and non-state elements of governance in his Selections from the Prison Notebooks (1971). He views civil society as an organic entity, which exists beyond the realm of the government. The controversy in his theoretical model of governance comes from the exaggerated view that the civil society can exist as a self-regulatory body in a stateless world. A more moderate view on the connection between civil society and the state is proposed by sociologist Max Weber. In his Politics of the Civil Society Weber discusses the idea of public citizenship and its role in mass democracy. He discusses civil society not as an alternative, but as a cultivating force, neces sary for the existence of the modern state (Weber, 2004). The Weberian approach to understanding civil society suggests that the connection between the public and private is not necessarily exclusionary, as suggested by the Marxists. In his 1962 Capitalism and Political Freedom, economist Milton Friedman discusses economic neo-liberalism as an important prerequisite for political freedom of the citizens. He emphasizes the central role of the government as a provider of legislature, which would enforce property rights and civil institutions. Friedman’s economic philosophy of government intervention suggests a model of public-private form of governance. In an extensive study on social movements called Beyond Left and Right, Anthony Giddens goes even further and suggests that social movements are stronger advocates for change than political parties are (Giddens, 1994). Last but not least, in his Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital (1995) Robert Putnam uses the decline of voluntary associations and civic engagement to explain the social decay of the American community. As symptoms of social apathy, he points out the political disengagement of the American public and its growing distrust to the government (Putnam, 1995). The ideological tenet of the Big Society can also be related to what Lucio Baccaro calls associational democracy (2002). He describes associational democracy as the intersection between civil society and the state. Baccaro’s vision of decentralization and empowerment of the local communities can be used to fit the Big Society into a wider theoretical realm. Baccaro offers a model of public-private governance, which reveals elements of societal conservatism behind the Big Society’s main goal – the shift of regulatory powers from the government bureaucrats into the hands of the people. It is not difficult to notice a historical trend on the changing divisions between civil society and the state. Last several decades have witnessed a major shift towards empowerment of the private sector, and transfer of powers and regulatory functions in the hands civil society organizations. This trend does not necessarily mean however that the state as a provider of services and individual well-being is in decline. On the contrary, this historic tendency suggests that civil society is a pillar, not a threat to the state and can act as a channel for reform in the public sector. The next section will examine its contemporary manifestations as a policy, proposed by David Cameron and the Conservative Party in 2010.1.4. What is the Big SocietyIn July 2010 in Liverpool, after the general elections, David Cameron re-launched the Big Society Programme, which was to become part of the political platform of the new coalition government. The programme had five main tenets: localism and more power for the communities; volunteerism; transfer of power from central to local government; support of cooperatives, charities, and social enterprises; transparency of government legislation (Cameron, 2010). Under the Big Society programme, initiatives such as the Big Society Bank and the National Citizen Service (NCS) were established. The idea behind the Big Society is to attribute more responsibilities to the citizens as key participants in the policy-making process. According to David Cameron, its main purpose was to propose a ground up approach of governance, where power and ideas will derive from the people (Cameron, 2010). The Conservative Party proposed the Big Society Project as the engine of public sector reform. The government indicated that the Big Society would empower local communities in their attempts to solve problems in their own neighborhood, and to voice their opinions. 1.4.1 Ideology The ideology behind the Big Society is an unconventional type of conservatism. It views successful governance as a hybrid between the private and the public sectors, and citizens’ initiative as a prerequisite for associational democracy. The idea behind the Big Society is very often confused with classic Marxism, which offers an extreme and rather utopian view of civic associations as a necessary replacement of the state. The rise of a big society however, does not imply the demise of the state. The Big Society can be interpreted as a politically sensible response to the economic recession, poverty, and social breakdown. It has lead to Cameron’s recognition of the role of the public sector and volunteerism as antidotes of a disintegrating society (Bochel & Defty, 2010; Evans, 2011; Smith, 2010). The ideas of the Big Society diverge from the stance of some of David Cameron’s predecessors such as Margaret Thatcher, because it recognizes the role of non-state associ ations as advocates for political change and providers for the citizens. At the same time, it does not use the societal factor as an umbrella for a smaller government (Norman, 2011; Smith, 2010). Therefore, the ideology behind the Big Society can be described as societal conservatism. Societal should not be confused with social (or socialist), because the Big Society project does not exclude privatization within the welfare sector and public sector cuts. 1.4.2 Responses The Big Society project has provoked mixed responses. Its supporters claim that the idea to unite the public and the private sector as providers for the citizens is revolutionary and democratically advanced. Liberals tend to view this idea as innovative, because it emphasizes the role of the citizens in shaping modern day policy. The main criticisms of the Big Society are that is has been used to justify the radical budget cuts in the public and social sectors, and is too utopian to be implemented in practice. A popular criticism points to the lack of citizens’ incentive and appropriate skills, which are prerequisites for a fulfilling civic participation (Grint & Holt, 2011; Hasan, 2010). 1.4.3 Local empowerment and decentralization Localism and decentralization have been key tenets on the Big society agenda. Some of the proposals, designed to empower local authorities and citizens include introducing directly elected mayors and police commissioners; devolving the financial powers of local government; increasing transparency and letting local citizens choose the organisational structure of their local council (Inside Government, 2011). The ideology behind local empowerment and decentralization is akin to the neo-liberal political thought. The transformation of local empowerment into an actual policy came to life in March 2011, when the Localism Bill was passed by the House of Commons despite controversies over social housing (Hodge, 2011). Some of the prescriptions of the Localism Bill have already been put into practice. Ministers have started giving councils greater financial freedom, by devolving ?7 billion more of government funding. They have removed burdens and bureaucratic controls so that they local governments can prioritize budgets to support public services in ways, which meet the priorities of local people and communities (Communities & Local Government, 2011). This is one way to enhance reform in the public sector, as it will give more incentive for local governments to improve their services, and they will be transformed from recipients of policy, into actual initiators of one. 1.4.4 Volunteerism Another important tenet of the Big Society Project is the idea of volunteerism and civic associations. The new government has encouraged voluntary organizations and social enterprises, as another way to reform the public sector. Two of the key programmes, related to Big Society volunteerism are the National Citizens Service (NCS) and Community Organizers. These two programmes target thousands of volunteers of all age groups and different social backgrounds nationwide, and their participation in community projects in 2011 and 2012 (Cabinet Office, 2011). The ideology behind volunterrism relates to associational democracy, which holds that democratization does not necessarily come from the state, but also from the citizenry, with its accumulated incentives and skills. As far as policy is concerned, both NCS and Community Organizers already exist as programmes. Whether efficacy has been achieved will be discussed in detail in the following chapters. In general, the Big Society is an opportunity for citizens to participate in the actual process of policy-making and to provide first-hand feedback to those responsible for legislation. The most important component of the Big Society is the financial autonomy of the local councils, because it will play important part in the allocation of budgets. Local councils know the needs of their residents better than the national government (Smith, 2010; Norman, 2011). Their financial plans will be much more realistic and sustainable, targeting the public sectors policies, which have the biggest demand and have been starved for resources in the past. Financial decentralization can bring not only better quality of public sector services, but also more realistic response to the actual needs of the local residents.1.5 SummaryThis chapter has traced the historical and policy features of the idea of the Big Society, and has examined some of its basic tenets. The remaining chapters will examine in de tail the feasibility of the Big Society as a form of political governance, which can make local communities more involved in the policy-making process. Bibliography: Baccaro, L. (2002) â€Å"Civil Society Meets the State: A Model of Associational Democracy†. International Labour Office Working Paper No. DP/138/2002. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=334860 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.334860 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Bochel, H. & Defty, A. (2010) â€Å"Safe as HouseConservative Social Policy, Public Opinion and Parliament†, The Political Quarterly, Vol 81, No 1, January-March Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian Cabinet Office (2010) â€Å"Government Launches Big Society Programme†, 18 May, Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/government-launches-big-society-programme Retrieved 05.03.2012 ___________ (2010) â€Å"Government Puts Big Society at the Heart of Public Sector Reform†, 18 May Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/big-society-heart-public-sector-reform Retrieved 05.03.2012 ___________ (2010) â€Å"Building the Big Society†, Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/building-big-society.pdf Retrieved 05.03.2012 Cameron, D. (2010) â€Å"Big Society Speech†, Monday, 19 July Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/speeches-and-transcripts/2010/07/big-society-speech-53572 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Cerny, P.G. (1990). The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of the State, London Communities and Local Government (2011) â€Å"The Localism Bill marks a turning point†, 7 June, Available at: http://www.communities.gov.uk/news/corporate/1917316 Retrieved 05.03.2012 Della Porta, D. & Diani, M. (2006). Social Movements: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, UK. p. 93-113 Evans, K. (2011) â€Å"Big Society in the UK: A Policy Review†, Vol 25, Issue 2, pp. 164-171, March Friedman, M. (1962) â€Å"The Relation between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom,† Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press, pp. 7-17 Available at: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ipe/friedman.htm Retrieved 05.03.2012 Giddens, A. (1994) Beyond Left and Right. The Future of Radical Politics, Stanford University Press Gramsci, A. (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Lawrence and Wishart Grint, K. & Holt, C. (2011) â€Å"Leading Questions: If ‘Total Place’, ‘Big Society’ and local leadership are the answers: What’s the question?†, Leadership, 7 (I) 85-98 Hasan, M. (2010) â€Å"The Sham of Cameron’s Big Society†, New Statesman, 22 November Hodge, K. (2011) â€Å"Localism bill passed, advice for the elderly and regeneration cash†, Housing Network Blog, Guardian, 19 May Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/housing-network/2011/may/19/localism-bill-advice-elderly-regeneration-cash Retrieved 05.03.2012 Huntington, S. P. (1991) Democracy’s Third Wave. The Journal of Democracy, 2(2) Inside Government (2011) â€Å"Big Society 2011: Empowering Communities, Encouraging Social Action and Opening Up Public Services†, 31 March Available at: http://www.insidegovernment.co.uk/economic_dev/big-society-2011/ Retrieved 05.03.2012 Marquand, D. (2004) The Decline of the Public: Hollowing Out Citizenship, Polity Press, Cambridge Norman, J. (2011) The Anatomy of the New Politics Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press Putnam, R. (1995). â€Å"Bowling Alone. America’s Declining Social Capital† Journal of Democracy 6, 65-78 Available at: http://canonsociaalwerk.be/1995_Putnam/1995,%20Putnam,%20bowling%20alone.pdf Rosenau, J.N. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory and Continuity, London Scholte, J.A.(2006). Globalization a Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmilian, UK. p. 13-123 Smith, M. (2010) â€Å"From Big Government to Big Society: Changing the State–Society Balance†, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 63, Issue 4, pp. 818-833 Weber, M. (2004) Politics of the Civil Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Compensations and Benefits Essay

Introduction When creating a benefit package for their organization, managers must take into consideration an array of conditions that will affect both the organization and the personnel it employs. These conditions range from external factors such as laws mandated by both local and federal agencies to internal factors such as administrative requirements, cost that stem from purchasing and maintaining equipment and employee incentives. By the end of this paper, I will explain the essential role each of these factors play in the establishment of an organization’s benefit package. External Factors One of the biggest, if not the largest, challenge an organization faces when seeking to recruit the best qualified personnel in hopes of building a workforce whose loyalty keeps them from seeking employment elsewhere is to design a benefit’s package that will adhere to all lawful mandates and is perceived as being fair by all employees. As noted by the author or our text, â€Å"companies establish strategic benefit plans on the interpretation of pertinent information in the external and internal environments. †(Martoccio, 2011, p. 19) Lawful mandates, or external factors, are important because failure to follow them will result in stiff penalties for the organization. Federal laws such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Social Security Act and the Federal Unemployment Act were designed to ensure employees received fair treatment from employers. The Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were designed to prevent employers from discriminating against potential employees. â€Å"The EPA was specifically enacted to end gender discrimination in pay†¦the Civil Rights Act of 1964†¦makes it an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any individual†¦because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. † (Greenlaw & Kohl, 1994, p. 240) Two additional external factors to be taken into consideration or the Social Security Act (SSA) and the Federal Unemployment Act (FUA), both were designed to help personnel after they have been hired by an organization. The SSA provides that added security of an income to an employee upon retirement or in the event of being disabled and financial assistance to dependent survivors of a deceased employee. The FUA provides financial security to an employee who was released from his or her job due to no fault of their own. Having knowledge of these laws and being able to incorporate specifics within their benefits package will prove to be cost effective to any employer. Internal Factors While external factors are important, internal factors are just as important when designing a benefit plan for an organization. When implementing a benefit plan, managers must take into consideration any internal factors that might affect the organization administratively. Examples of administrative cost are establishing the pay structure within the organization, conducting wage surveys and implementing the wage structure for positions within the organization. According to Mr. Von Yeast, few people take into consideration the importance of administrative cost. â€Å"I have been in groups of experienced and knowledgeable administrators who give blank stares and refuse to comment on administrative cost. † (Von Yeast, 1994, p. 26) Another small, yet important internal factor that affects an organization’s benefit package are costs associated with purchasing, maintaining and eventually replacing equipment. The last internal factor I will use to support my claim that both external and internal factors must be taken into consideration when creating a benefit packet is the most important one to me and that is employee incentives. Employers that place high value on those with whom they employ stand a better chance of developing a loyal workforce who has a vested interest in the function of the company. The founders of Costo Wholesale Warehouse built their empire on this way of thinking. It’s â€Å"co-founder Jim Sinegal has told MMR in the past that the company’s generosity regarding worker pay and benefits is not just the right thing to do but also produces dividends that benefit the business. † (Costco, 2012, pg 20) Placing the needs of its employees first, hiring from within, and tuition re-imbursement are just a few of the benefits Costco offers its employees and as a result it has survived one of our nation’s worse economic crisis. Research has shown that Costco’s employee turn-over is minimal and customer satisfaction is up as a result of employees who have a vested interest in the organization. Although I believe Costco’s founder’s understood the value of people, they did not come to this conclusion on half-heartedly. Much thought and consideration must be taken when deciding what benefits should be included within a package. Conclusion Providing additional incentives such as educational benefits, health, dental, vision and life insurance along with paid vacation is beneficial to the organization as well as the employee. With hope, the employer will be happy because they would have hired a more educated worker who is skilled in his or her profession resulting in more productivity and the employee will perform better because of the promise of better job security and benefits that protect them and their families. In short a good benefit plan, that takes into consideration both external and internal factors will result in better productivity. Reference Costco Policy of Treating Workers Well Pays Off. (2012). MMR, 29(3), 20. Greenlaw, P. S. ; Kohl, J. P. (1994). Thirty Years of Civil Rights: The EPA/Title VII Sex-Based Wage Discrimination Controversy. Labor Law Journal, 45(4), 240. Martoccio, J. (2011). Employee benefits: A primer for human resource professionals.

Motherhood is the completion of a womans life

Motherhood is the completion of a womans life Introduction Even from a tender age, every girls dream is to be blessed with children when she grows up, and to be a loving mother to her children. Having children is therefore highly treasured by women if the timing is right.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motherhood is the completion of a woman’s life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It, however, goes without saying that women are considered to have passed their prime after they become mothers, and they are automatically alienated from a number of puerile social activities, and affairs of the youth (1). This has led made women dread motherhood to the extent that a myriad of them are unwilling to become mothers after they accidentally become pregnant. Since a woman can become a mother even at teenage, there is need for a change in the stereotypical ideas held by people that motherhood is the completion of a woman’s life. Women should thus be given a c hance to live their life to the fullest regardless of whether they are mothers or not. This will lead to more self discovery and self advancement in young mothers, and it is likely to reduce a number of vices. Reasons why this statement is false The statement â€Å"motherhood is the completion of a woman’s life† is false from a number of perspectives. For example, consider the word â€Å"life† in this statement to mean the socio-economic and intellectual advancement of an individual. In this particular perspective, the statement is false because a woman can substantially advance her socio-economic status as well as her intellectual status even after becoming a mother (2). Thus motherhood is not the completion of a woman’s socio-economic and intellectual advancement. This mentality is an archaic way of viewing life, and thus it can be dismissed as a mere stereotype since it is baseless and thus it has no meaningful justification. 1. Grantly, Read. Childbir th Without Fear. London. Pollinger Limited. 2006. 2. Boulton, Georgina. On Being a Mother: a study of women with pre-school children. 2003. New York, Tavistock Publications.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sad part of it is that some societies embrace this stereotype, and thus a myriad of women have been forced to make wrong decisions for fear of becoming mothers. The truth is that having children (being a mother) should come with a feeling of accomplishment even if the timing is imperfect. This is evidenced by the bliss that motherhood brings to the lives of women who plan their lives well (3). A woman who bears children without a good plan for the same should also view the children as a blessing and live each day with the pride of accomplishment. This will ensure that the vices associated with unplanned pregnancies are reduced, and that people become more respons ible regarding their sexual behaviour. The following paragraph takes a look at the impacts that the societies that uphold this stereotype has had on women, and what can be done to improve the status quo. Repercussions of this stereotype The stereotype that motherhood is, kind of, the completion of a woman’s life has had numerous repercussions on the contemporary society. In order to understand the extent to which this notion has affected the society, it is important to bear in mind that there is no woman who likes being associated with old age, and no woman likes being old-fashioned.The main negative effects of this stereotype have been evident in young women. For most young women, pregnancy is some kind of a nightmare that should at one time end before delivery. Most young women, therefore, fear the responsibility and status that comes with being a mother and they end up procuring abortions whenever they get pregnant (4). This stereotype has also 3. Finer, Lawrence. 2003. â €Å"Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives†. 2003. 4. Shockney, Heather. â€Å"How Becoming a Mother Has Changed My Life†. 2007. made some women neglect their children in terms of breast feeding, and it has also increased cases of surrogate motherhood. From a moral point of view, this is a very serious repercussion since it can be speculated that with a respectable status being attributed to motherhood, many young girl will be proud to deliver children when they accidentally get pregnant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motherhood is the completion of a woman’s life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion As evidenced in the discussion above, the stereotypical idea that women complete their life when they become mothers is ungrounded. This misconception has led young women to be involved in many unethical activities in a bid to preserve their youthfulnes s. As stated above, many young women who accidentally become pregnant are forced to abort their pregnancies for fear of the disgrace that comes with being a young mother. These occurrences are very unfortunate especially considering the fact that some of these young girls may be willing to keep their pregnancies. From this discussion, it is apparent that the idea of viewing motherhood as the completion of a woman’s life has more or less had purely negative effects on women, and the society at large. Such baseless stereotypes should be strictly discouraged at all costs to prevent them from becoming part of the society. Bibliography Boulton, Georgina. On Being a Mother: a study of women with pre-school children. 2003. New York, Tavistock Publications. Finer, Lawrence. 2003. â€Å"Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives†. 2003. Web. Grantly, Read. Childbirth Without Fear. London. Pollinger Limited. 2006. Shockney, Heather. â€Å"How B ecoming a Mother Has Changed My Life†. 2007. Web.

Lions Mane Jellyfish Facts

Lion's Mane Jellyfish Facts Lions mane jellyfish are beautiful, but an encounter with them can be painful. These jellies are capable of stinging you even when theyre dead. Here you can learn how to identify a lions mane jellyfish and how to avoid them. Identification The lions mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) is the worlds largest  jellyfish- their bells can be over 8 feet across. These jellies  have a mass of thin tentacles that resemble a lions mane, which is where their name originates. Reports of tentacle size in lions mane jellyfish vary from 30 feet to 120 feet- either way, their tentacles extend a long way, and one should give them a very wide berth. This jellyfish also has lots of tentacles- it has 8 groups of them, with 70-150 tentacles in each group. The color of the lions mane jellyfish changes as it grows. Small jellyfish under 5 inches in bell size are pink and yellow. Between 5-18 inches in size, the jellyfish is reddish to yellowish-brown, and as they grow past 18 inches, they become a darker reddish brown. Like other jellyfish, they have a short lifespan, so all these color changes may happen in a period of about one year. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: CnidariaClass: ScyphozoaOrder: SemaeostomeaeFamily: CyaneidaeGenus: Cyaneaspecies: capillata Habitat Lions mane jellyfish are found in cooler waters, usually less than 68 degrees F. They may be found in the North Atlantic Ocean, including the Gulf of Maine and off the coasts of Europe, and in the Pacific Ocean. Feeding Lions mane jellyfish eat plankton, fish, small crustaceans and even other jellyfish. They can spread their long, thin tentacles out like a net and descend into the water column, capturing prey as they go. Reproduction Reproduction occurs sexually in the medusa stage (this is the stage youll picture if you think of a generic jellyfish). Under its bell, the lions mane jellyfish has 4 ribbon-like gonads which alternate with 4 very folded lips. The lions mane jellyfish has separate sexes. The eggs are held by oral tentacles and are fertilized by sperm. Larvae called planula develop and settle on the ocean bottom, where they develop into polyps. Once in the polyp stage, reproduction can occur asexually as polyps divide into disks. As the disks stack up, the uppermost disk swims away as an ephyra, which develops into the medusa stage. Sting Severity Encountering a lions mane jellyfish probably wont be lethal, but it wont be fun, either. A lions mane jellyfish sting usually results in pain and redness in the area of the sting. The sticky tentacles of a lions mane jellyfish can sting even when the jellyfish is dead, so give lions mane jellyfish on the beach a wide berth. In 2010, a lions mane jellyfish washed ashore in Rye, NH, where it stung 50-100 unsuspecting bathers. Sources: Bryner, Jeanna. 2010. How One Jellyfish Stung 100 People. MSNBC.Cornelius, P. 2011. Cyanea Capillata (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species.  Encyclopedia of Life. Cyanea Capillata.  Heard, J. 2005. Cyanea Capillata, Lions Mane Jellyfish. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.Meinkoth, N.A. 1981. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.WoRMS. 2010. Porpita Porpita (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Schuchert, P. World Hydrozoa database.

Scottsdale Journey Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scottsdale Journey Stories - Essay Example Scottsdale is one of the cities found within the state of Arizona and has a population of over 200,000 people according to the 2010 data sourced from the United States census bureau. Scottsdale is also known as the desert version of Miami due to the similarity it has with the south beach and the numerous partying found within this locality. The city of Scottsdale is believed to have been originally occupied by the Hohokam, a culture that belongs to the pre-historic era according to archeological information. The city of Scottsdale has for long organized the Scottsdale arts festival, an event that showcases the cultural and art gallery of the state to demonstrate the heritage of the city. The Scottsdale has also been ranked as the best in arts culture festival event in the United States according to the American style magazine. A section of Scottsdale hosts a number of art galleries leries and museums that are open to the public to enable them appreciate the tradition of the city.Jour ney stories are a Smithsonian exhibition that is used to tell the story of the evolution and growth of a nation. These stories are used to illustrate the thrill of travel as well the problems that one can meet while travelling through the different parts of the United States. In this paper, the journey story of the city of Scottsdale in Arizona will be conducted according to the Smithsonian exhibition. The journey stories have been used to tell us the progress that was made in the development of America to illuminate the heritage and the diversity of our people. It provides a better picture of how the American transport and communication system was built and the struggles the characterized the building of a nation (Higgins 34). The journey story of the city of Scottsdale seeks to highlight the tales of the ancestor and how they moved to America from their original lands. The journey story to Scottsdale explores the major connections in the city which can be associated with the Smith sonian’s journey stories. This area has for long been considered as the center of migration within the state of Arizona due to the numerous transportation and crossroad networks within the state. The trails, roads, railways, highways and the air transport networks within the city have provided a lot of business opportunity for the people of Scottsdale. The city is also characterized b y economic prosperity, religious freedom and opportunities for thrilling adventures (Bennett 43). The Scottsdale public arts exhibition has been used for several years to show the historical background and cultural heritage of the city. In this exhibition conducted in partnership with the Scottsdale public library, the educational and cultural riches of the city are made available and open to the public for viewing. These programs have been used to create public awareness of the art and increase public interest towards the cultural developments that have been witnessed in the city (Higgins 24). In this journey across the city of Scottsdale, the magnificent roads, rail network and the tradition prehistoric sites will be visited to provide a clear picture of the city today and in the past. The Scottsdale seen today that is characterized by a number of skyscrapers was not present a century ago and this progress in the development of proper housing structure began with the struggles of the forefathers. The town of Arizona has fences built around different homes and buildings, a feature to highlight the need for security to protect our homes and villages. These fences are made from decorative structures which form part of the beautiful landscape that we see today in different parts of the city (Farquhar 2). The kolaces, the spaetzle and the perogie that is a common diet for most of the people around the city of Scottsdale has a tradition background with this place. The culture of the old Scottsdale has thus influenced the eating habits of the present Scottsdale. The recipes, me nus and the ceremonies

Does the availability of photographs significantly change what we can Essay

Does the availability of photographs significantly change what we can know about the U.S. Civil War - Essay Example The other states that had not seceded were known as the North or the union. The civil war erupted from the slavery issues and the fact that slavery had been extended to the west. This internal conflict that came to be the great civil war led to the loss of 600000 Confederate and the Union soldiers and great destruction of the southern infrastructure. It continued for four years after which the Confederacy was finished, and slavery abolished. Then followed the reconstruction of the United States as one nation, reconstruction of the south and restoring unity. The freed slaves were promised to be given equal rights (civil rights.) Abraham Lincoln, who took the presidency of America in 1860 elections, was opposed by the drivers of slavery, and his name did not appear on the southern ballots (Brown & Shannon, 2011). But a different view is created in the people as they come into contact with the pictures that were taken or developed during that time. The picture vividly portrays many truths and shocking facts about the American civil war either drawn by those who experienced or capture on cameras. The advancement of the American civil war can be viewed through a scientific field that was taking its roots at that age. This is photography. From the national archives, over 6000 digitized photos from the civil war are now available on the internet. Great works were done by Matthew Brady and his associates. They photographed many areas, battlefields and people affected by the civil war. Their pictures significantly depict many aspects of the war excluding the battle itself. These aspects include the events and preparation prior to the battle, camp life, routines and the aftermath of the battle. The battlefield movements were difficult to be taken as the cameras of that time require the object to be still during the movement of the shutter (Brown & Shannon, 2011). Pictures from this time as taken by Matthew Brady