Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Instrumentation

Thermo mechanistic Analysis (TMA) InstrumentationTHERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (TMA)Aisyah Radhiah Binti AhmadINSTRUMENTATION OF TMA1.1 The InstrumentationFigure 1 The simple schematic diagram of TMA 1.The strain tube that is located in the center of the furnace is apply to pick up the temperature and atmosphere. The assay temperature is measured with a thermocouple junction that is located near the essay. The area around the test female genital organ ordinarily be both heated and cooled to stop the heat-rise problem and the sample temperature (sensed by a thermocouple) has to be directed to programmer control.The sample platform and the try out are made from a material such as quartz. watch crystal is chosen as it has a low, re graspucible, accurately known coefficient of caloric intricacy and also it has low thermic conductivity to isolate the LVDT from the temperature changes in the furnace. The dig intos can also be made from alumina and metals depending on the tempe rature range and the bar stick purpose 2.The heavy black probe measures the panorama of the sample airfoil with a linearly variable differential transformer, LVDT. The floating suspension shape as a balance for the arm arrangement, combined with added weights at the top, allowing the probe weight to be counterbalanced that can be utilize to control the force on the sample 3.A purge gas pedal is utilise during the TMA steps. Its purpose is to ensure continuous laminar gas flow to proscribe the formation of air turbulence as the temperature is being increased and to prohibit deposition of degradation products inside the various parts of the instrument. The purge gas is also used to increase heat transfer to the sample and to prevent oxidation in high temperature measurements. Helium is chosen for this purpose because of it has a high thermal conductivity 4.Figure 2 The TMA Instrument 5.1.2 run the TMAThe instrument is warmed up before putting the sample. The sample is on t he watch by according to the modes used. For example, the sample should be flat for compression modes to keep back sure the sample is in a good contact with the probe. The sample is put into the furnace and the probe touched the sample. The probe is integrated into an inductive position sensor. For temperature measurement of the sample, the thermocouple is placed near the sample.The system is heated at a slow rate. If the specimen expands or contracts, the probe will be moved. By applying the force on the sample from the Force Generator by the probe, the sample temperature is changed in the furnace. The sample deformation such as thermic Expansion and Softening with changing temperature is measured as the probe fracture by the distance Detector. Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is used for Length Detection sensor. The measurement consists then of a record of force and continuance versus temperature 6.1.3 Calibration of the instrumentThe calibration of the instrume nt needs to be do before using the TMA. A standard calibration is needed and should be make at the same heating rate as is used in the sample experiment. The calibration sample that is used should be in the thickness range span of the sample. The TMA instrument must be gradatory in height force, eigen-deformation, temperature, and expansion. The calibration of the instrument need to be done to reduce the different between measures values of the parameters with their true values 4.1.4 Modes of subprogramThe measurement can be carried out in various modes of sample configuration.Figure 3 TMA probe types (left-right) compression, penetration, tension, volumetric 7.Compression probe is used for applying low vitiate for a wide area of sample for thermal expansion measurements (thermodilatometry). For the penetration probe, it is used for the sample that applies a high load under a small area of sample for the purpose of measuring softening temperatures. This proficiency can measure the transitions of a material as thin as 10 microns.Tension probe used for the measurement of the thermal expansion and the thermal shrinkage of the sample for measuring non-self back up specimens. It is used for the samples like thin films and fibres under tension 7.Volumetric probe used for measuring the thermal volumetric expansion of irregularly make sample surrounded by an inert packing material (alumina pulverise or silicone oil). The glass dilatometers are used in this technique where the change in the level of a liquid is observed. By dipping the sample in the silicone oil or alumina powder, the expansion of the sample is recorded as a vertical movement by the TMA. The probe for this technique usually has a small surface area to breed the sample 8.Figure 4 volumetric probe 8.ReferencesMenard, K. P. (2008). Dynamic mechanical epitome a practical base. CRC press.Menczel, J. D., Prime, R. B. (2009). thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications. tail end Wiley Sons.Brown, M. E., Gallagher, P. K. (1998). Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry Principles and Practice (Vol. 1). Elsevier.Wunderlich, B. (2005). Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of polymeric Materials.1.Introduction to Thermomechanical Analysis. Available from http//www.anasys.co.uk/library/tma1.htm.2.Brown, M.E. and P.K. Gallagher, Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry Principles and Practice. Vol. 1. 1998 Elsevier.3.Wunderlich, B., Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials, 2005.4.Menczel, J.D. and R.B. Prime, Thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications. 2009 John Wiley Sons.5.TMA analyzer / thermomechanical. Available from http//www.directindustry.com/prod/linseis-thermal-analysis/tma-analyzers-thermomechanical-30771-406852.html.6.Description of TMA. Available from http//www.hitachi-hitec-science.com/en/products/thermal/tec_descriptions/tma.html.7.Haines, P.J., Principles of thermal analysis and calo rimetry. Vol. 30. 2002 imperial society of chemistry.8.Menard, K.P., Dynamic mechanical analysis a practical introduction. 2008 CRC press.ReferencesIntroduction to Thermomechanical Analysis. from http//www.anasys.co.uk/library/tma1.htmBrown, Michael E, Gallagher, Patrick K. (1998). Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry Principles and Practice (Vol. 1) Elsevier.Wunderlich, Bernhard. (2005). Basics of thermal analysis. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials.Menczel, Joseph D, Prime, R Bruce. (2009). Thermal analysis of polymers, fundamentals and applications John Wiley Sons.TMA analyzer / thermomechanical. from http//www.directindustry.com/prod/linseis-thermal-analysis/tma-analyzers-thermomechanical-30771-406852.htmlDescription of TMA. from http//www.hitachi-hitec-science.com/en/products/thermal/tec_descriptions/tma.htmlHaines, Peter J. (2002). Principles of thermal analysis and calorimetry (Vol. 30) Royal society of chemistry.Menard, Kevin P. (2008). Dynamic mechanical an alysis a practical introduction CRC press.