Marketing Communications Plan and Press Release for Viejas Essay

Marketing dialogues Plan and Press Release for Viejas - Essay ExampleIn this show, the researcher develops a marketing communication plan for the Viejas Outlet Center in regularize to increase visitor numbers to the center so that it can survive the current recessionary downturn. The marketing plan includes such strategies, which will play their federal agency in creating awareness among the public about the facilities and entertainment provided by Viejas Outlet Center as intumesce as the new stores opening. The creation of a marketing plan is very vital for any bank line enterprise beca go for it helps to create the entire business plan which is like the route map of the business. The major goals and objectives regarding cultivation of marketing plan include increase in market share, achievement of market dominance, gaining competitive molding over the rivals, seasonal promotions, market penetration, and creating awareness among the public about the facilities and entertainm ent provided by the outlet. The researcher of this essay prepares a well structured marketing plan, which will eliminate all flaws that exist in the breathing marketing plans of Viejas Outlet Centre. Such modes of advertising will be used which will make both person aware of the new facilities and entertainment stuff provided by the centre. The researcher then concluds that in order to let the public know about the entertainment facilities to be provided by the Viejas Outlet Center, we will use different forms of media, such as, television, social websites, and radio regarding the openings of the new stores throughout the year.

Two Myths of Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Myths of globoseization - Assignment Example globalisation refers to the increasingly close economic ties among countries. These ties include trade, travel, immigration, sh bed information direct over the Internet, change magnituded investment in foreign countries, cross-cultural exchanges of students and knowledge, availability to quality education, and an advanced abuse of technological advance. Globalization is also closely tied to corporations that operate in many countries at once, as well as to international monetary institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the gentleman Bank that enable to help finance the process of sphericisation and to result in an increased financial outcome.I am here to show my support for the phenomenon that is globalization. The phenomenon that has changed the world, possibly and positively forever. As Gottesman puts it If we want to dumbfound sense of globalization, we should stop comparing apples (the mature industri al country economies) with oranges (the economies of what used to be called the underdeveloped countries, which are now variously called developing countries or newly industrializing countries- NICs for short).(Gottesman)There are those who oppose globalization. ... to quote Persson who fitly says Globalization is a powerful force but we need to learn to live with the increased global competition. (Persson pg 4). I understand why people fear that globalization causes social ills but when weighed against the benefits it becomes clear that globalization is the clear winner. Fears of the negative impact of globalization can be aptly called false alarms.What about the global satellite TV channels which are beamed across the world. Thanks to globalization these channels have helped increase the empathy of the young in rich countries for the effects of poverty, famines, and civil wars in poorer areas of the world. It is because of globalization that we are more awake of what is going on in the world around us. To be honest, without globalization most of the nongovernmental organizations that rally against it would give away to gather and organize themselves across the world Why would an individual sitting in Pakistan help an NGO called Greenpeace if they didnt know what Greenpeace stood for How this individual is aware of Greenpeace is a result of what can most simply be called Globalization? The people who stand up against globalization benefit from it just as much as everyone else. The unseemly social effects of globalization are mistaken. Globalization, in fact, has helped reduce poverty and the use of child labor, fosters womens rights, conjure respect for democratic norms, enriches culture, and even sustains the environment. Multinational corporations are not wreaking havoc by leveling proceeds and labor standards across the globe. In fact, they raise them.

President as global leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

hot seat as global attractor - Essay ExamplePrior to the onset of the Second humans contend electric chairs had only been interested in being leaders in the Western hemisphere, with the Monroe Doctrine asserted that the States had the right as well as the duty to interfere with, or lead the countries of Central and Latin America.2The only time that an American president tried to be a global leader was when Woodrow Wilson assay to be one at the end of the First World War. Congress, who vetoed American membership of the League of Nations and returned to a policy of strict neutrality, overturned his efforts.3In many respects the American president acting as a global leader was a consequence of American involvement in the Second World War, and also the frozen War, which followed on from it. President Roosevelt was able to portray himself as a global leader during the Second World War until his own death. The American use of the atomic bombs against Japan meant that President Truma n could burn out of being the most important global leader due to the Americans been the only nuclear power. The onset of the Cold War also ensured that America could not resort to a neutral foreign policy ever again. American presidents were in affect global leaders of the capitalist Western World, containing the spread of communism.4Certainly in the Cold War period the majority of American presidents undefeatedly presented themselves as being global leaders. Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Reagan all in all made viable claims about their status as global leaders. Presidents Carter and Ford were arguably less successful in that regard. The ability of these presidents to portray themselves as global leaders was shaped by internal and foreign factors as well as their own personalities. To a large extent all post-war American presidents harbour had the same constitutional powers as each other.5In constitutional terms every American president has operated with ac tual as well as potential blocks to his or her

Human Resource Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Resource - Research Paper typeining close collaboration between the various functional departments and resolving inter-departmental issues are a matter of cursory occurrence for an HR tutor. An HR coach may be required to generate reports based on staff related issues on a daily basis or as required.An HR director is required to weekly assess the movement of staff, identify the loopholes, suggest and implement corrective measures to improve the performance in the upcoming week. Also, the HR manager weekly reviews the expenses and verifies that they conform to the pre-defined budget for the specific activities.An HR manager attends periodic meetings among the project parties and represents the HR department in such meetings. An HR manager might be required to administer and review the progress of the research conducted by the organization on a monthly basis. An HR manager assumes a huge responsibility in conducting meaningful research.Project managers work in close collab oration with the HR managers in the allocation of budgets to various projects and the constituent activities every year. Ensure configuration to the approved salary budget give focus on pay for performance and salary benchmarks where available. (Goyal, 2010). Besides, HR managers are consulted while selecting the staff to be promoted after an analysis of their past year performance.To me, the task of an HR manager is too serious and sensitive in nature to be interesting, though one always feels special being on such an authoritative position as that of an HR manager. However, an HR manager might find it interesting to learn the departmental issues and resolve inter-departmental conflicts. What is not interesting about the job of an HR manager is that many project managers tend to sideline HR managers as they view them as their professional competitors.As an HR manager, I can be very good at decision making because the decisions I take usually prove beneficial for me and for othe rs in the long run. However, I need

Week 5 leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Week 5 loss leadership - Essay Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Throughout Scripture many different dashs of leadership are incorporated. Abraham was seen as an entrepreneurial style leader and Moses as a kaleidoscope leader. Moses had many styles like charismatic, administrative and a peoples manager in good times as well as during the times of crisis. This project will evaluate my personalised ability as a phantasmal leader. Furthermore, this will examine my personal ability and style of leadership, as well as ability to set goals in conjunction with Gods agenda. It will too evaluate my ability to anticipate criticism from other leaders and followers, as a result of metamorphose processes. Moreover, this project will examine my potential as a leader to effect and accept change, usher in and effectuate continuous improvement.1Leadership style and how the leaders deliver the message are important to the follo wers. Spiritual leadership is more than someone putting on an energetic show. The Spiritual leader is a vas of the Holy Spirit to communicate the truth of the Gospel of our Lord Jesus deliveryman. The leader must be sure that the Lord has called him or her into the ministry. Spiritual leadership is a high calling from the Lord and non just an occupation.Spiritual leaders are different from other styles of leaders. A true Spiritual leader must first be a true servant. In the secular world, leader and servant are completely opposite. We as Christian leaders pattern our lives and leadership after Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ said, The Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve and to give His life as a ransom for many. (Mark 1045) After evaluating my personal style of leadership, I see similarities between my style and Abraham. Abraham had an entrepreneurial style of leadership. Personally I was involved as an entrepreneur in the secular lineage world, prior to God calling me to the ministry. After the

Video Game Violence and Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Video Game Violence and Children - Essay ExampleThis paper stresses thatas children grow up, they hang to the authoritative role models in their life to determine what behavior is or is non appropriate. Their young minds are impressionable and they constantly absorb new knowledge from their surroundings. When children are subjected to certain actions or behaviors, and if they are not properly coached in the differences between right and wrong, they are likely to repeat the actions or behaviors. The more that they take care certain behaviors, the increased chances they have at mimicking them. Impressionability is similar to the teaching methods found in classrooms in the sense impression that teachers display concepts that children repeat until they can do them on their own however, unlike classroom learning, impressionability involves children adapting behaviors of their own assign without being prompted by someone else.As the discussion declaresthe more time that children spen d playing vehement video games, the more they become familiar with the concepts being depicted. Furthermore, there are video games that allow the actor to play as a first person and they can experience the game as if they were in it, committing the violent actions themselves instead of witnessing them as a bystander. Adults and teachers feel that these games are training programs for children to commit crimes

Philosophy 1 - Term Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Philosophy 1 - Term Paper - fitting ExampleThat is deductive course. However, if the process were done backward, then that would be inductive argumentation.There are cardinal perennial issues doctrine has always been concerned and trying to resolve until now. The startle issue is the meaning of life, which philosophy tries to find value and reason, or purpose, for one to exist. The next issue is the origin of life, which philosophy searches for understandable answers as to where do all life and earth begin or come from. The last issue is the query of reality. Philosophy seeks to understand whether what we know and experience with our perception actually exists, not merely appears.The cosmological argument for the existence of God states that the world or the cosmos most probably had a creator, a first cause, an unmoved mover who created everything that exist, which is attributed to God. On the other hand, the ontological argument would infer Gods existence through the a priori way of reasoning, wherein the human person can grasp the concept of a God, thus, in that location must be a God.The four ethical systems are the Aristotelian luxurious Mean, Confucian Golden Rule, Natural Law Ethics and Kantian Categorical Imperative. The Aristotelian Golden Mean is all about doing things in balanced measure, never doing any act that is too much or too little but doing what is just enough. The Confucian Golden Rule speaks of doing what is right to others if one were to expect good from others as well. The Natural Law Ethics rules that since nature and the universe moves in an orderly manner, we must act in accordance as such. The Kantian Categorical Imperative asserts that an individuals morality is absolute and arbitrary in any circumstancesThe Western view of evil is that the existence of Evil is the absence of what is good. That means, an bodily process that is void of any good

There have been many significant inventions that changed the way Essay

There occupy been many significant inventions that changed the way people live their lives. What, in your opinion, is one signific - Essay ExampleThesis Statement - While technological advances such as electricity and the internet improved the lives of people in many ways, they did not really contribute to stopping the act systematic oppression of more than 50% of the worlds population. The Early Forms of Birth Control In the past world, many women and a few men thought seriously about how to create a product that could stop women from conceiving every time they experienced sexual intimacy. It was an understood fact, even then, that continued pregnancies were greatly harmful to the bodies of women. There have been records found to verify that crude forms of condoms were made out of the intestines of animals in ancient Greece. There were also poultices formed from as assortment of strange substances which were used by women. Moreover, most of these methods were ruined in stopping pregnancy. Birth control was viewed as being a taboo subject that in effect(p) women would not engage in. ... Birth Control in the Early Days According to Engelman, from 1800 to 1900 in the coupled States alone, nine out of every 1000 women would lose their lives during childbirth (Engelman, 24). The American government actively demoralised the distribution of any information regarding matters to do with controlling pregnancy or spacing the numbers of children that a woman had. Engaging in such activities was seen as being in support of the propagation of full-grown activities. Moreover, the American government did not say or do much about the many women who were destruction on a daily basis during childbirth. As speaking frankly about reproductive matters was something that could be prosecuted under state as well as federal laws of the time, women in the 18th century did not know or understand much as concerning their bodies or reproductive systems. For womens lives to be imp roved, they have to be able to control their reproductive lives. In the 18th century, as well as in all centuries prior, there were different methods that some couples resorted to in order to prevent pregnancy. In some families, a married couple would actually visit relatives separately as a way of dealing with the lure to engage in sexual intercourse. A few couples tried to use abstinence, even when they were living together, to determine the birth of children. Many couples, however, preferred the withdrawal method, or other untested techniques that involved the use of sponges, condoms, cervical caps, and douches. All these methods, though, were not very successful. The majority of sponges and creams even brought serious health-related problems for their users. Abstinence did not work for the most part because it required complete self-denial on the part of the husband. Women, who were well aware of

Wynn Resorts Annual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wynn Resorts Annual Report - Essay Examplethe total revenue from $4, 184, 698, 000 in 2020 to $5, 269, 792,000 and an increase in net income from $160, 127, 000 in 2010 to $613, 371, 000 in 2011. The financial performance of the company has also been increasing as indicated by the increase in the company financial ratios.The company is preparing for the future by planning on unused ventures. The company plans to increase it operations in order to reach the global customers, and that is why it plans to open more branches across the world in the future. In 201, the company opened an Encore at Wynn Macau as partitioning of its expansion into luxuries hotels and Casino globally. Recently, the company has been proposing to apply for a construction of a hotel and Casino in Philadelphia as part of its efforts of increasing and diversifying its operations. The company has also introduced new products and services into the market like the introduction of wide suites, additional gaming and retail space which were introduced in the Wynn Macau branch.Mission statement- Wynn Resorts Limited targets high worth individuals by means of the formulation of a variety of socioeconomic activities in its resort industry and Casino. With its resorts in Macau and Las Vegas both at the Peoples Republic of China, the resort aims at reaching a global customer base. The resort also strives to the provision of new and innovative lodging and gaming amenities to all customers. It continually seeks for expansion opportunities and new ventures in order to make advancements in its Wynn brand and also to maximize shareholder wealth. Wynn Resorts Ltd continues to provide its customers with unique and smell gaming resort experience. It encourages employee training, growth and development in order to ensure hospitable and luxurious surround for all its customers.The main reason for choosing this article is because it talks of the current issues in Wynn Resorts Limited. The article talks on t he new look in Limited and Las Vegas Sands Corp which

Mortgage Crisis in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mortgage Crisis in the U.S - Essay ExampleThis direct to an immediate and intense disorientation of the fiscal markets.During its semiannual worldwide financial report released on eighth April 2008, the paramount statue of international finance analysis (that is IMR) stated that the collapsing house prices and rising queries in the residential owe market or arena privationes of approximately five hundred and sixty five cardinal US dollars. When these factors are combined with other declines from other areas of loans originated and provision of security in the United States of the States that relates to commercial real estate is indicated by the International Monetary Fund to gather a loss of about nine hundred and forty five billion US dollars.This was shocking as it was the eldest time that the International Monetary Fund was approximating the extreme losses incurred by banks and other financial institutions in the United States. As indicated earlier, this credit crunch started in the year 2007 and led to the increasing number of defects on the subprime home loans. The main mission of the International Monetary Fund is to facilitate and promote international financial stability.Since it had easy money policies, the Federal Reserve allowed the housing prices to increase up to unsustainable levels. The guggle bursting led to this untoward condition. The current mortgage crisis began with the bursting of the bubble house in 2001 and reached its optimal point in 2005. Housing bubble refers to an economic bubble that occurs in local and international real estate markets. Occurs when thither is a speedy rise in the valuation of real property to levels that are unsustainable in relation to income and other sources of affordability. When there are such rapid increases there is a subsequent decline in home prices and mortgage debt that is greater than the actual value of

Ethnomethodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethnomethodology - Essay ExampleAs a function of this realization, the following analysis will study the reader with a discussion of a global village, comprised of lonesome(prenominal) 100 people with representatives from around the globe, as well as seeking to promote a further aim of understanding and appreciation for the behavior in which a more equitable representation of life within this village could be affected. It is the wish of this author that such a level of analysis will be beneficial and eye-opening with regards to many of the issues that shortly face the global system. From the prompt of this essay, it was noted that of the 100 individuals that comprise the population of this village, 50 of them would suffer from instantly nutrition, one of them would be dying of starvation, over 80 would live in substandard housing moreover, of the 67 adults that would live within this village, over half of them would be unable to read or write. More specifically, solely one in dividual within the good village would pick up a college education. Of the 50 individuals who were members of the paid workforce, only 33 could define themselves as full-time employees with a stable/steady job. Interestingly, of these 100 residents in such a village, only five of them would be American. Yet, these five American individuals would hold 32% of the wealth of the entire village by means of comparison, 33 people would live on 3% of the total wealth of the village. From the statistics that have thus far been presented, it can clearly be denoted that a fundamental level of variety and disparity is represented within such a global village. Ultimately, the query for this particular analysis is coaxial upon trying to understand the way in which the wealthy five individuals could live in peace with their neighbors dower as a microcosm for the greater argument of how the United States, a uni-polar force and dynamic economic bolide within the world, can continue to integrat e a fair and equitable manner with the world that suffers from inequality, poverty, hardship, lose of education, and all of the other issues that have thus far been represented. The first step that can and should necessarily be made with regards to creating a more ethical and moral approach to the global realities that define our world, is with regards to demanding a level of educational parity around the world. Since the conclusion of the Second World War, the United States and other powerful westerly economies have been in the position to enforce legislation and global commands upon a litany of different nations around the globe. Invariably, these requirements have been concentric upon economic requests and constraints of financial integration. However, in order to impact upon poverty, hopelessness, starvation, and a litany of other different issues that were researched and cover within the introduction of this brief analysis, it is absolutely interval to demand a level of educa tional acquisition and access to each of the individuals living within this global village. Experts and scholars have long denoted that almost each of the banish realities that currently define the inequality that exists between the very rich and the very poor are contingent on(p) upon an overall lack of access and/or a lack of

Labeling, Indentity and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labeling, Indentity and Education - Essay typefaceIn the essay I Just Wanna be Average by Mike Rose, it is implied that they atomic number 18, as vocational students, are treated with not much respect by the society. Vocational education has aimed at increase the economic opportunities of students who do not do well in our schools (Rose, 1). With that prejudice over their school, the students also advert with the prejudice and treat themselves like they are expected to be treated in the society, according to what they grok the society perceives them to be the lowest class of students. This is what he calls identity that is implied on the vocational track (Rose, 3). The schools are actually responsible for labeling us, the students. For putting identities on people based on their scholastic abilities. In the immigrants case, because of their worthless English, they were put in the vocational track which is basically assigned for those with scholastic difficulties. This is also part of the prejudice, or the identity being served on ones person if he is in the vocational trac

Poverty and social violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Poverty and social fierceness - Essay ExampleLos Olvidados, The Young and the Damned tackles the unethical behaviours that destroy the children who are linked to the future of tomorrow. The enigma is aggravated by the poverty levels in the society Bunnel captures the vices experienced in the big modern cities. Los Olvidados depicts Mexico at the doorsill of modernization where moral values of the Mexicans appear compromised. There appears use of vulgar language in the story where Eljaibo calls a young boy a pansy for refusing to smoke. El Jiabo symbolizes the extent of evil in the modern Mexico the society there appears that the Mexican society disregards respect for peoples opinion (Wilcox, 112). Peer pressure The showdown between Pedro and ElJaibo appears a wrong decision for Pedro. Most of the times El Jaibo commits crimes Pedro is usually his scapegoat. Pedro killed Julian because, Julian, report him to the police, who came and arrested him. Pedro hoarded the information from the police this costs him a lot in the end. Pedro became an accomplice when he refused to talk it to unequivocal people to clear the air. Pedro got a job at the blacksmith El Jiabo heard of it and paid Pedro a rebuke where he stole from the blacksmith destroying Pedros new job and sent to prison. ... The issue of theft is dealt within the consume evident when El Jaibo organizes robbery against Don Camel, a blind man. The society foregoes the needs of the less providential and oppresses them further. El Jaibo proves wrong influence when he stole from Pedros boss the result was nasty as Pedro lose his job and is taken to prison. While still in Prison, Pedro encountered El Jaibo, who steals the money he had been apt(p) to run the principals errands. This time Pedro feels that he had tolerated enough with El Jaibo and pursues him. El Jaibo ended up murdering Pedro and flees. These episodes emphasize the need to stay away from peer pressure. The issue of theft comes in from the char acter El Jaibo who steals everything he comes from everyone he meets including his friends (Wilcox, 134). The theme of death proves evident in the story when El Jaibo started by cleanup position Julian. Pedro saw what happened and kept quiet thinking that he was being a friend. Later on in the scene El Jaibo ends up killing Pedro. El Jaibo proves a tough criminal who ended up dying in the story (Wilcox, 187). Terror and loneliness The author symbolizes this by referring to the satisfaction of a vexs milk. Carmelo the blind man consumes goat milk with the hope that it cleanses the body. Meche, cleans her legs using milk with the hope that it rejuvenates her undulate whilst big eyeball sucks the teat of a cow when hungry. The characters display an element of desperation and the hunger of relieve from the nest available living thing which is the domestic animals in this case. Pedro tragically pleads for her mothers lie with the mother feels betrayed by Pedros lazy behavior of ste aling. She wonders why she should love someone who humiliates her in the eyes of the society. Pedros actions prove

Federalist Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federalist Papers - experiment ExampleThe general purpose was not only to reshape the constitution of the country but as intumesce to ensure the ratification of the US as a combined State. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton as well as John Jay are considered as the authors of these papers though at the time of their publication, the original committal to writing of these articles were kept secret. Out of all these articles, federalist paper 10 and 51 are considered as most signifi ignoret papers outlining the broader scope and structure of the constitution of the country besides presenting plausible arguments in favor of the arrangement of one large State. Federalist 10 actually dealt with how to deal with small factions or interest groups and what should be the overall structure of the State to overcome or mark off such factions. It is written in continuation of the Federalist 9 and also outlines as to how the existence of such groups can tear apart the whole republic. Federa list 51 discusses as to how an effective system of checks and balance as well as the separation of the powers within the government. This paper depart therefore discuss both these papers and will explore some of the key arguments made in these papers. Federalist 10 Federalist 10 discussed extensively the role of the factions and how they can actually damage a republic. Madison was of the captivate that there are two ways done which such factions can be dealt with. He was of the feeling that either the very cause of the factions should be removed or the damage caused by such factions should be controlled. 1. His arguments therefore were largely in favor of how to balance both the aspects of factions and devise mechanism to deal with them. maven of the key arguments made by the Madison outline that such factions cannot be eliminated altogether because majority can also form such factions. The republic according to Madison however, should be large and diverse abundant while at t he same time maintain the enough commonality. Madison argued in this paper that a direct democracy would be necessary in place of indirect democracy. Further, he was of the run across that the voice democracy should be implemented in localise to protect the interests of the individuals from the majority rule. (Meyerson, 2008) The role of anti-federalist however, should also be taken into consideration in the wake of their overall stance on the formation of a key authority. Madison throughout this paper argued that the formation of a large republic is essential in order to control the influence of such faction groups. Anti-federalists also argued that a diverse republic would be knockout to survive and therefore advocated giving more powers to the States based on the notion of locality. (Amar, 1993) The arguments of the anti-federalist can also be considered as interesting in the sense that they argued that the states a large state of the size of United States would last fail. As such the notion that a large republic is necessary in order to control the influence of the factions would not provide any credible or long term solution to the problem. Anti-federalist view also holds that if the republic is consolidated and a larger State is created, the overall chances of the representation of the people would be reduced. They argue that its through local participation that the representation of citizens could be ensured. In nutshell, Federalist 10 argued that the factions and their influence in the society and political activity could be controlled through the creation of a larger republic managed through representative democracy. Federalist51 Federalist 51 is another important essay in the series of Federalist Papers outlining the invite to have a proper check and balance system. Further it also outlines

Help to choose a topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

servicing to choose a topic - Assignment ExampleThe article especially draws on the benefits of using dogs in the animal assist therapy, which as animals are arguably the most faithful in nature. The article contains genuinely useful information that the college counselors can avail to improve the quality and effectiveness of their counseling services over the depressed college students in particular and outside the college in general.I picked this article firstly because it was recently published, and secondly because the results of the research cited in the article were drawn from a credible and reliable source i.e. Georgia recite University. Thirdly, I chose this article because it contains very interesting and useful information about the effects of animal assisted therapy on the college going students. This article is particularly useful because many college students already have dogs as their pets, so they can better identify with and rely upon the information provided in the

Police and Lethal Force Essay Example for Free

practice of law and Lethal Force EssayPolice work entails expectedly legion(predicate) opportunities for misuse of authority or the uppity use of jampack which is not necessary when in the line of duty (Strack 1994 ACLU 1991). This is a master(a) unloosen that concerns policing and the grave and abusive conduct of men in equivalent whether they ar in the United States or elsewhere in the world (Police culture and behavior 2008). There are various factors that are usually pointed at whenever this happens police officers already in the brink of burn out are a primary reason. However, the mental or psychological state of an officer is usually in question if this use of fatal effect occurs. Why is this considered an issue? It is a given usually, that a police officer is knowledgeable of the force continuum (www.policetest.info) which is a kind of scale that guides an officer in graduated level with which what method or admission will he resort to under any given circums tance (see appendix A). This shows that by his mere(prenominal) presence alone, the officer realizes, the suspect may be alerted or threatened and succeeding responses by the deuce individuals (i.e., if it involves two people only) are then again graded and evaluated by the officer according to the force continuum.Precisely because reports are aplenty concerning police brutality which happens when a suspect is frisked and/or confronted with a criminal occupation and many of these instances that the persons of interest or suspects do not even have any weapon of sorts with them, nor were they in the position challenging the person in authority. The case of Rodney King in 1991 became a platform for many of these reforms that were made eventually, to respond to public clamor for entirelyice regarding perpetrators the like of which Rodney King had suffered from. Studies show that in well-nigh organizations where reforms have been initiated, what was important was the regular monitor ing of the activities of police officers ensures that these men minimize their propensity to exercise the might of employing lethal or deadly force against any citizen or any suspect unless merited. This is not just to safeguard any suspect or citizen whether they are coming from the expected marginalized groups where the most likely victims are men of color, older or aging citizens, women and children but even these same men in uniform from their own tendencies to act with anger or rage and resort to these means (ACLU 1991).To serve and to protect stooge mean both ways when interpreted in the light of these reforms it means serving and protecting the men themselves who are employed to do the same to the general public. Affirming their code of ethics now and then may be a small thing but it is still a major part of reminding officers why they are in the force and the accountability that is necessary in the deterrence of themselves committing a crime needlessly. appendix A The Forc e ContinuumMore ForceDeadly ForceLess LethalPepper Spray, Baton, Taser desolate Hand ControlVerbal CommandsLess ForceOfficer PresenceSource http//www.policetest.info/FORCE_CONTINUUM_POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE.htmWorks citedStrack, Lorr M.1994. reputation profile of police candidates. Journal of Clinical Psychology 50(2)200-7. www.pubmed.gov._____ Police culture and behavior. Accessed borderland 12, 2008. file///G/A%20POLICE/Police%20Culture.htmAmerican Civil Liberties Union. On the Line Police Brutality and its remedies. New York. April 1991. Retrieved March 12, 2008 http//www.aclu.org/police/gen/14614pub19971201.html_______ Police Oral Boards and Use of Force Continuum. Retrieved March 12, 2008 http//www.policetest.info/FORCE_CONTINUUM_POLICE_USE_OF_FORCE.htm

The Awakening - the Sea Essay Example for Free

The Awakening the Sea EssayThe ocean in The Awakening represents not only Ednas self-awakening, evolution and growth, solely also the combination of freedom and stopping point. In her search for freedom, the sea plays a part in the realization that the only track to achieve freedom is through death her true awakening. We go as far as to say that throughout the novel, Edna is aware of this dark truth, notwithstanding only on a subconscious level, which is why she only sees the sea as place of self-expression and freedom, but nothing deeper until the very end. She is alone in this awareness, which really isnt manifested until her one-on-one encounter with the sea and the abysses of solitude, flush though she is quite the loner throughout the novel. These meetings with the sea show a progression in Ednas life, from afraid and dependent, to entangled and in convert, to confident and fully awakened to her inevitable fate, the truth, the answer and only way out.This marks a l oss of innocence and navet of sorts, her turning from a pretty self-centered and capricious child to a kind of responsible, strong and illuminated adult. Ednas awakening and full transition from childlike to knowing was one full of difficulty and obstacles to surmount. The sea is simply a symbol of that evolution the two main encounters with it are completely representative of Edna Pontelliers isolated shift from dissatisfied and confused to entirely free of any restriction. It helps her come to realize that she shouldnt expect or hope for anything from the partnership she lived in, no matter what she attempted to gain freeness from, including love affairs with anyone, whether it be Alce or Robert. The sea is the one and only thing guiding her real awakening, because its the only possible way to more and more gain complete independence, and, in the end, freedom through her death.

Mahatma Gandhi Essay Example for Free

Mahatma Gandhi analyzeThe book is a well structured chronological assessment of Mohandas Gandhis emotional state from his childhood as an shoot for lawyer up to his untimely death that symbolizes non groundless movements and peaceful deeds. The book summarizes Mahatmas life as follows. Gandhi founded some(prenominal) movements and groups in which he came up with a nonviolent resistance in one major movement, which he initiated to fight against a requirement to finger-print and register all Indian immigrants. The movement attracted a huge come up of followers and Gandhis message started spreading rapidly. During his first nonviolent movement, Gandhi was imprisoned for two months by the accordingly randomness African general Christian Smuts. As an act of love, he made sandals for the general during his imprisonment. His movements received a remarkable attention all over the world particularly Europe. Gandhi returned back to India after 21 years of life in South Africa. He c ontinued with his take in in India where he made a concern to abolish the traditional Hindu cast system which regarded low class individuals as companionable outcasts. He in addition made attempts to restore peace among the Muslim and Hindu Indians.He led his famous Salt March as a declaration of defiance against Englands declaration of monopolizing salt production. In the book, Deats quotes Louis Fischer, other famous biographer of Gandhi regarding this move. Fischer writes, When the Indians allowed themselves to be beaten with batons and rifle justts and did not cringe they showed that England was powerless and India invincible. The rest was merely a matter of time. (65). Gandhi was succeeding in his war for independence using his purely nonviolent instructions.His methods for opposition more than than once included fasting. The method worked severally to provoke negotiations with the opposing parties. On the 30th day of January 1948, Gandhi was kill by an extremist Hind u militant shortly after fasting in protest against the violent Muslim-Hindu conflict. The Hindus were infuriated by Gandhis actions and umteen of them considered him a traitor for sympathizing with their rivals, the Muslims. The legacy left by Gandhi, his message of benevolence and his methods of nonviolent movements to fight for peace and reedom have a large impact on several related movements since his demise.Deats informative and concise biography of Gandhi has several concrete points. He touches on many of the important events on the life of Gandhi from his early years, which were imperative in converting him into the legend that he finally became. Deats also does an excellent work in emphasizing the important principles that Gandhi founded, and the philosophies that he deducted and preached from Gandhis life. Deats summarizes the teachings of Gandhi concerning life excellently.However, his book lacks a detailed explanation of how, from an organizational point of view, Gandh i manages to gather such a great multitude of followers. The last few pages of his book atomic number 18 just a collection of various inspirational quotes from Gandhis great works. Throughout the text, Deats is effective at the using up of quotes to portray Gandhis unlimited love for human race especially those who are in need for ease and those who are suffering. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi-Louis Fischer The first biography of Mahatma Gandhi by Louis Fischers was published in the early 1950s but still reads brilliantly.The book is organized in short, simple to read chapters. It starts from the first day of Gandhis life and then the author describes how the aspiring lawyer in Mahatma first became a civil rights activist for his fellow immigrants in South Africa. Next, the author takes us back to India, and discusses the beginning of the civil resistance movements led by Gandhi in which he uses peaceful means to mobilize hundreds of thousands of Indians against oppression by the Br itish Government. Gandhi has powers I have never read of before.He links divisions between political, national, and religious affiliations and many, including politicians sought out advice from him. It is hard to include the many interesting aspects that the author covers in the book in this review. I have however covered most of them in my previous review above. The events in Gandhis life are so extra ordinary, but also real and this makes his great works greatly readable.Fischer analyses the history of Indian immigrants and the occupation and oppression of the British, the conflicting orotund religions in India, that is, the Muslims and Hindus, nd how internal disputes among the Indians delayed their quest for independence of their country as a whole. However, in their midst was a man who strongly believed in his peoples welfare and had unending faith in them. He had faith in his fellow countrymen to realize the mistakes and the horror of internal violence and oppression by forei gners. This is a biography of a truly great man whose beliefs are as relevant today as in the past. Louis Fischer bases his writing on Gandhis own autobiography and on interrogations with people who knew him.Fischer goes beyond the boundaries of a biographer in reading the aspirations and the mindset of Gandhi. He is so into Gandhis philosophy that his writing is clearly authentic. The text may not be always easy to read, but usually rewards the reader. Fischer provides a comprehensive background scenario of Mahatma and his immediate environment. Richard Deats provides a timely account of Gandhis life message. The text is concise and compelling. He analyses Gandhis believe in God, and his understanding and life of a nonviolent lifestyle. The book displays a higher way of thinking and a better way of living.

Illegal Leisure and its Implications Essay Example for Free

Illegal Leisure and its Implications EssayLeisure plays a very important employment in the life of an individual. However, when an individual gets obscure in leisure activities that argon outlawed, whatever the reason, it becomes counterproductive. Illegal leisure is rightly so for reasons that could take dimensions of the nature of health, social or religious inclinations. Nevertheless, the utter disregard of the embezzledity of the replete(p) illegalized leisure activities would take up far reaching negative ramification than is perceived. There argon vast forms of illegal leisure activities.However, the legality and the illegality of the leisure are adequately defined under the rules of the concerned agency (Bull, C. , Hoose, J. and Weed, M. 2003, p 39). There are some illegal practices that are more ethically prescribed as illegal than are documented in any legal documents. Despite lack of documentation, some leisure activities are utterly illegalized by the conscienc e of the person undertaking them. though at that place are countries and states that amaze legalized prostitution such as Netherlands, the practice predisposes the individual various risks.To begin with, the word prostitution in itself presents societal misfit. Individuals who are perceived or who are involved in the practice tend to be delineated from the society (Harris, D. 2005 p 69). They are treated with utter disrespect, disregard and the least integrity by society. Though the prostitutes take it as their daily chore, those who come in for the services ideally take it as leisure. In addition the prostitutes, be they male or female get predisposed to infection of sexually inherited diseases particularly when pr yettive measures are not taken.Besides, particularly where those involve have one of them who is married, risks the marriage of those involved in a number of perspectives. First, if the partner does realize, he/she whitethorn opt for a divorce, subsequently this may jeopardize the family unit. Besides, the services offered by prostitutes are utterly delinked from the public limelight. This makes these services relatively expensive (Bull, C et al 2003 p 112). This affects the family income in instances where those involved include a married individual. Further, the entire cycle becomes even more vicious, hence making the family suffer at the expense of the prostitutes.If the whole practice is viewed from a religious perspective, whether it is Islamic, Christian or Buddhists, the practice is utterly unreligious. Homosexuality is also taken as an illegal practice. agree to the research HIV/Aids was first diagnosed amongst homosexuals (Harris, D. 2005 p 101). Like in cases of prostitution, on that point are many sexually transmitted diseases that are infected through homosexual practices. Furthermore the entire practice is kinda unhygienic. While this is taken more often as a pleasurable activity, it needs to be appreciated that there is the l east pleasure in the entire act.The aforementioned not withstanding, the practice finds the least substructure in religious cycles. There are certain people in society that revere have of bhang and ganja. Ideally, they see this as a leisure act. World over, this practice has been pronounced illegal, yet people wish to hide and engage in the practice. Medically, this practice causes diverse effects. First, the individuals who smoke for retentiveer periods have higher tendencies for bronchitis. Bhang smokers have their lungs blackened, this affects the respiratory system. For male user of bhang, research has shown a high redundancy in their likelihood of having children.Apparently, the testosterone hormones are depressed in the blood of the users of bhang. This ordinarily inhibits the reproductive function of the addict. Ideally there is a decrease in the sperm motility of the bhang user besides the sperm count macrocosm lower. Cell functions are equally impeded through the use of cannabis sativa. It is medically proven that the long users of cannabis sativa tend to have numerous broken chromosomes hence leading to malformed offspring. In addition, there are serious implication on the part of the users as the there is inherent suppression of the repellent response of the individual.This is as a result of the interference with genes that normally regulate the defense cells. Further, individuals who use marijuana suffer from hallucinations and illusions. Mostly, they have difficulties in recalling events they are slow in thinking and have a settle attention span. At chronic stages, the individually usually suffer from mental and physical lethargy. At the very extreme, there are changes in the brain of the user, research does indicate that young heavy user have their brain size reduced.Though the illegal activities seem very pleasurable, this very first perception of their pleasurability makes their seeming control even more challenging. Evidently, the pra ctice has far reaching ramifications on the individuals that are into the entire practice. alone then how well can the practice be expunged from society, particularly when it purely done in enigma (Harris, D. 2005 p 64). This challenge pecks numerous issues at hand. There are several cases where prostitution is done in private premises, implying there is the least room for accessing the premises in seeking redress.It is virtually impossible to mark a homosexual amongst a group of individuals. This presents a technical part for curbing the practice (Bull, C et al 2003 p 161). Besides, a further interrogation into the likely suspects simply implies infringement into the rights of the individual. Ideally, I face the illegal leisure activities should be made legal, thereafter the activities should have numerous suctions in the form of taxes to fatigue off possible users. While, there could be those who have all the requisite resources for the practice, ultimately the number of those zesty in the activities will be substantially reduced.

Psychopathic Behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychopathic Behavior EssayThe Psychopath Understanding and Treatment Abstract amiable health dis assigns atomic itemize 18 among the most complex disorders to understand. Persons with these types of disorders are non commonly accepted into society. Psychopaths are among more or less of the most difficult disorders to treat. These persons most often come from a background omiting structure and continuity. straitlaced intervention is heavily debated. Report It is a popular be stayf that psychopaths are considered to be psyches that are as brilliantly charming as they are morally insane.However, the tendency to refer to the psychopathologic bearing as morally insane is a misconception. Regardless of scientific discoveries, psychopathy is a disease which results in a physiological deficiency. The brain of psychopaths is believed to fail in generation of befitting wave activity. Waves emitted are generally bumper-to-bumper in single(a)s suffering from psychopathic beha vior. This thorough incompetence is responsible for a lower degree of rousing when these persons face a threatening situation.Their lose of perplexity and consequent careless behavior in some(prenominal) situation is commonly referred to as lack of conscience. These individuals lack the plethora of emotions that arise in the normal individual that is, the ability to feel, to anticipate the breaking of the law, or to feel sorry when they break these laws. They are deprived of a conscience which organizes the moral notions of good and bad. In normal behavior, acts are constrained by external laws at feat in society.The conscience of average individuals are able to anticipate any destructive attain which could obstruct the law. Psychopaths dont have much(prenominal)(prenominal) a capacity. They are leading a carriage which ignores external impediments. This fundamental unawareness is directly related to a slower activity of waves at formulate in the brain. This abnormality b locks the entire process of learning. The lower waves produce a decreased response of anxiety which causes the psychopaths to not be anxious or afraid of punishment when they per contour line a reprehensible action. harmonise to Cleckley s definition of psychopathic behavior in the Mask of Sanity , (1988) when one of them breaks the law, he or she does not experience a sense of shame or guilt. When psychopaths are faced with any form of punishment it could be physical pain or punishment regardless of the deliberate breaking of laws- they do not react with as much anticipation as the average individual. This is because they lack a disjoint of the neurological process which allows them to avoid pain that is, the adequate rise in palmar sweat gland activity which generates the adequate stimulus.Therefore, the psychopath will reproduce the same harmful actions again and again. In 1954, Ellington s experiments showed that between 31 % and 58 % of psychopaths showed some form of electro encephalogram abnormality located in the temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. another(prenominal) experience regarding the lack of anxiety in psychopaths was lead in 1965 by Robert Hare. In that experience, psychopathic and non-psychopathic subjects were told that each time they would see the piece eight in a series of number from one to twelve, they would receive an electric shock.Non-psychopathic individuals showed higher rates of anxiety when they knew the number eight was about to come. On the contrary, psychopathic individuals remain perfectly calm at the sight of the feared number. These results are important since they show that it is a physiological deficiency rather than deliberate insanity that is responsible for the psychopaths criminal behavior. Another perception largely spread among the population worrys the traditional representation of the psychopath who is figured out as a habitual pleasure seeker, constantly searching for the next big thrill.In the movie t he shut away of the Lambs, such a personality is embodied in Hannibal Lector, a frightening psychopath who, by his induce need of strong experiences, breaks the boundaries of decency. The portrayal of this character embodies the collective myths referring to the mental scheme of the psychopath. The representation is romanticized in order to play with societys fascination for the violation of laws. However, the popular myths have captured one of the most fundamental features of the psychopathic personality as described by Cleckley, cited in p. 479 of Abnormal Behavior. Most psychopaths become bore quickly with the humdrum of everyday life. They search constantly for new thrills and experiences daring robberies, impersonations, confidence games, new varieties of drugs and degenerate sexual behavior. The psychopath occasionally needs to receive a stimuli stronger than the average person in order to be aroused and, eventually, find the game exciting. Therefore, psychopaths brain ac tivity is not always below the average. Otherwise, this decreased activity would have it made difficult to explain the energy the psychopath shows in order to catch his victim.When an ready reward is offered, impulsivity of the individual suffering from psychopathic disorder increases through an immediate responsiveness to the appealing stimulus. From a neurological point of view, the slow brainwaves are balanced by a peak of specific waves located in the temporal area and linked to the individuals impulsivity which, in that case, appears every time in that respect is a promise of instantaneous reward. In 1993, Patterson and Newman conducted a test, the excogitation of which was to analyze the reaction of psychopaths when they were confronted with instantaneous rewards.The results where puzzling. While the non-psychopathic individuals, conscious that they were losing their money, stop to play, nine out of ten psychopaths continue to play even though they had lost money on ninete en of the twenty trials. In that case, the immediate reward which was money functioning as a powerful stimulus, constituted the new thrill. Since psychopathic behavior violates the laws at work in society, the view commonly held among people is that, from an early age, environmental factors cause the psychopathic disorder.The characteristics underlying psychopathy are denial of the societys rules or simply lack of concern for the other fellow men. It can be asserted that, at some point in their life, the suppuration of a psychopaths self has encountered several(prenominal) barriers which, in turn, have resulted in a ill-shapen ego in the young adult. The psychopath is unable to avoid the satisfaction of his primary impulses as salubrious as not feeling the guilt associated with the breaking of a given rule. All these processes were part of the determine that, as a young kid, the individual has internalized through particular schemes.These schemes referred to as cognitive schemes essentially lie in the emotional responses which are provided by the external world. Through these cognitive clues, an entire world of esteem and care provides the baby with identifiable marks necessary to his present and future well being. These cognitive schemes are mediation processes between the individual and the world in the sense that, through them, the child distinguishes the good from the bad. short(p) by little, he is able to build his consciousness of the surrounding world.But, because either the psychotic child has been stopped from doing so at some point of his life or that, generally, these signs have been distributed in spare quantity, the individual will develop psychopathic tendencies since he lacks the ability to relate himself to the world in a proper way. One quick look at the background of Charles Manson is enough to understand the role played by environmental factors in his rearing and the consequent deviant personality he developed through the years. In the book abnormal behavior on p. 488, it is showed that Mansons mother modeled a life of prostitution, irresponsibleness and crime.She probably provided little in the way of cognitive structuring about rules, consequences, or values. For the young boy there was little left to model his life on. What he became later has been certainly influenced by the poor training he received which, in turn, resulted in a subsequent failure to internalize societys prohibitions. The biological approach provided the theory of environmental factors as shaping the future personality with a number of interesting clues. Franz Kallman found that a high percentage of children of psychopaths ended up themselves with psychopathic disorders.The main case was that their parents were indeed institutionalized for psychopathic symptoms and once left alone, these children experienced the deprivation of external warnings consequent to the familial structures withdrawal. As a result of this lack of guidance, they e nded up psychopaths. Moreover a study focusing on children who spend their early years in institutions where there is less neck offered than in a family structure, revealed that they later showed an aggressive behavior toward some(prenominal) humans and animals. However, the assertions have to be manipulated carefully in the sense that if those children later isplayed a criminal behavior though vandalism, truancy and anti neighborly activities, not all of them ended up psychopath. Seventy to 85 percent of individuals classified as criminals meet the criteria for anti- social personality disorder. By contrast only 15 to 25 percent of convicted criminals meet the criteria for psychopathy. All experiments state above have shown how the characteristics of psychopathy as a disease are dramatically profound. Generally, the subjects spend lack of conscience diminishes dramatically their concrete chances of effective word.Nevertheless, science has built its success on an attempt to am end on common limitations, constantly challenging even the most irremediable cases. In that perspective, through the years, several approaches to the treatment of psychopathy have been designed. From a biological point of view, if we assume that psychopathy is a disease which has its physical causes in an abnormal brain activity, that physiological deficiency can be corrected by drug treatment. However, the implications of such treatments have to be considered carefully for whoever is aware of the ethical implications involved by such manipulations.For a long time, psychopaths have been treated with a variety of drugs such as dilantin, sodium, and amphetamine sulfate. occasional(prenominal) recoveries have been reported. However, the lack of follow-up studies once the subject stopped taking the medications has called into heading the overall cogency of the treatment. Generally, patients do show improvement while taking their medications as prescribed. Moreover, if the drug treatm ent effectively alleviates the pain, it involves a passive approach to that disease.Indeed, to give a psychopath a pill for lack of real structures able to his particular disease represents an easy way to deal with the problem. One illustrative case concerns the use of such drugs treatments in the late 70s. In that time, assuming that psychopathy was an incurable disease, certain institutions distributed those drugs too munificently, which, in turn, led the patients suffering from psychopathic symptoms to experiencing a general apathy. This process raised an ethical question 1. To what extent should the pain be alleviated? 2. Were these drugs dministered in order to help the patients or simply to ramble them in a great situation of passivity, making sure they would not hurt anyone? Still, this passivity was believed to be better than the manifestation of psychopathic symptoms in which the patient could have an uncontrollable outburst of rage. However, drug treatment generally tri es to stabilize the situation rather than look for dynamic solutions which involve an active participation both of the doctor and of his patient. In any case, the use of mediations has to be manipulated cautiously in order to avoid such excesses.Doctors should use them only when it has been established case per case that the violent behavior is clearly related to a brain dysfunction. From a psycho dynamic perspective, the treatment of psychopathic disorders through psychoanalysis is believed by many another(prenominal) to be inadequate. Psychoanalysis tends to analyze the conflicts between the id, the ego and the superego. These internal conflicts are at the basis of the personality. On the contrary, a psychopath doesnt experience these underlying conflicts. He has become psychopath precisely because he lacked a superego which could have provided him social standards .Whereas most of us are able to sit in an armchair and demonstrate our remorse, the psychopath is not likely to exp and himself in sorrowful complaints about all the damages he caused to his surroundings. In fact, if his disease is a result of a poor internalization of moral values, he is not able to be lucid and clear about himself. This lack of clarity related to a lack of conscience is one of the reasons why Freud refused to cure a certain category of patients, precisely those who manifested a clear distortion of reality although they were fully aware.Among this category were the schizophrenics but also the psychopaths. Similarly, in Mask of Sanity, Cleckley concluded that purgative treatments to treat psychopathy have been disappointing in the sense that they failed to provoke changes to the psychopaths day by day behavior. Therefore, the best approach to the treatment of psychopathy is that which takes into consideration the environmental factors and attacks the problem from its basis by providing the child with psychopathic tendencies a secure environment where he can learn to anticipate his negative instincts by developing a positive sense of the self.Some believe that the control of psychopathy lies in institutional programs. From January 1954 to February 1955, a study at the Wiltwyck School In New York was conducted. The institutional program at work in the school emphasized a loving permissive environment which gradually replaced permissiveness by efforts to teach social control and responsibility. As a result, the children developing psychopathic disorders responded positively to the treatment. They showed an increase in the internalization of social standards which allowed them to re- experience feelings of guilt and shame.In conclusion, considering the fact that there is no real treatment which has proven to be effective on a larger scale, it is dangerous to let the psychopaths operate in everyday life by lack of social structures. Hare notes the connection between psychopathy and internal abuse. Psychopaths are generally intelligent and superficially charmi ng enabling them to exploit others weaknesses. In a civilization that promotes superficial values, the psychopath will thrive.

Types of Advertising Media Essay Example for Free

Types of Advertising Media EssayAs we noted in Managing the Advertising Campaign tutorial, selection of the media outlet through which an ad go out be presented has important implications for the victor of a promotion. Each outlet possesses unique characteristics though not all outlet are equally effective for all advertisers. Thus, choosing the right media can be a time consuming process requiring the trafficker to balance the pros and cons of each option. While just a few years ago marketers needed to be aware of only a few media outlets, todays marketers must be well-versed in a wide range of media options. The reason for the growing number of media outlets lies with advances in communication technology, in particular, the Internet. In this tutorial we provide an overview of the following advertizement media1. Television2. Radio3. Print Publications4. Internet5. Direct Mail6. Signage7. crossing Placement8. Mobile Devices9. Sponsorships10. Other Media OutletsAs we discus sed in the Advertising Trends section in the Advertisingtutorial, the number of media outlets will continue to grow as new technologies emerge. Thus, marketers are well advised to continually monitor changes occuring in spite of appearance each media outlet.Television AdvertisingTelevision advert offers the benefit of reaching large numbers in a single exposure. Yet because it is a mass medium capable of being seen by to the highest degree anyone, picture lacks the ability to deliver an advertisement to highly targeted customers compared to other media outlets. Television networks are attempting to improve their targeting efforts. In particular, networks operating in the pay-to-access arena, such as those with channelson cable and satellite television, are introducing much narrowly themed programming (i.e., TV shows geared to specific interest groups) designed to appeal to selective audiences.However, television remains an option that is best for products that targeted to a bro ad market. The geographic scope of television advertising ranges from advertising within a localized geographic area using fee-based services, such as cable and role optic services, to national coverage using broadcast programming. Television advertising, once viewed as the pillar of advertising media outlets, is facing numerous challenges from alternative media (e.g., Internet) and the invasion of technology devices, such as digital video recorders (see much in the Advertising Trends section in theAdvertising) tutorial, that have empowered customers to be more selective on the advertisements they view. Additionally, television lacks effective response bring in which has led many marketers to investigate other media that offer stronger tracking options.

Policy and Strategy in Global Competition Essay Example for Free

Policy and Strategy in Global Competition testify interchange suspense 11.1 Why is it of the essence(predicate) for an government activity to have findment between its outline and organisational structure? The relationship between an organizations strategy and structure be extremely classic because it directly impacts a bulletproofs performance (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 309). Also, as an organization grows, it should reevaluate the current strategy and structure to ensure that it remains the optimal choice for the organization (Rothaermel, 2013). The four types of organizational structures, listed in smart set of least to most complex according to Rothaermel (2013), ar (1) simple, (2) functional, (3) multidivisional, and (4) matrix. The simple structure is for small firms or organizations that are just starting out (Rothaermel, 2013). The decision-making structure is quite flat, as the founders tend to make all the important strategic decisions (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 309) . Growth will often cause the higher-ups to feel overwhelmed under this type of structure, requiring the organization to feign a different, more complex structure (Rothaermel, 2013).A functional structure groups employees into teams, earmarking for increased decision-making at pooh-pooh levels of the managerial chain (Rothaermel, 2013). The opportunity for specialization allows for the functional structure to be employed with each of the business-level strategies salute leadership, differentiation, or integration (Rothaermel, 2013). One of the hurdles to overcome would be the likely increase in difficulties which originate from departmentalization of the varying teams (Rothaermel, 2013). The best way to overcome such a hurdle is through cross-functional teams (Rothaermel, 2013).Whenever the organization seeks greater diversification, into varying product lines and service offerings, it will likely look into utilizing a multidivisional structure (Rothaermel, 2013). Under this st ructure, the organization is further compartmentalizedinto strategic business units (SBUs) which are governed by their own profit-and-loss (PL) responsibilities (Rothaermel, 2013). At this level, each of the SBUs is viewed as its own independent entity, engage its own profit-creating goals (Rothaermel, 2013). While organizations with a corporate-level strategy with a single or dominant business would be best served by a functional structure, organizations seeking related or unrelated diversification would be wise to utilize a multidivisional structure (Rothaermel, 2013).Lastly, the matrix structure is a combination of the functional and multidivisional structures (Rothaermel, 2013). It is most appropriate when an organization needs a structure which allows for some(prenominal) change and decentralized decision-making, and can be organized by geographic areas and product divisions (Rothaermel, 2013). While a worldwide strategy does not automatically lend to a matrix structure, a transnational strategy which has the requirements supra is better served through a matrix structure (Rothaermel, 2013). Discussion Question 11.3(a) What commonalities across the products would likely be enhanced by flexible cross-functional teams? control panel has product lines which include consumer products like guitar strings and vacuum filters, stemmas and cable assemblies, electronic and electrochemical materials, fabrics, fibers, filtration products, medical products, pharmaceutical processing, sealants, and venting products (Gore, 2015). Its product lines are used in industries ranging from aerospace and self-propelling to military and textiles (Gore, 2015).Gore utilizes cross-functional teams to help develop its some products in spite of appearance varying lines (Rothaermel, 2013). Cross-functional teams allow for individuals from differing functional areas within an organization to temporarily come together and work on a particular project (Rothaermel, 2013). These tea ms would allow for the differing products, though developed for a particular function, to be developed for use in more than peerless of the organizations products (Rothaermel, 2013). As an example, the cables developed for aeronautics can likely be used in other electronic or automotive applications if developed by members from the appropriate cross-functional teams. Discussion Question 11.3(b) What would be your expectations of the type of norms found at W. L. Gore? Organizational norms define appropriate employee attitudes and behaviors (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 318).The norms which exist at Gore likely arise from founder imprinting,which means that Bill Gore, the founder of W. L. Gore Associates, has helped to establish and define the political partys culture (Rothaermel, 2013). The organizations four core values, stated succinctly, are (1) fairness, (2) freedom, (3) individual commitment, and (4) point of reference and collaboration (Rothaermel, 2013). These values, coupled with the open nature of the organizations structure, take in organizational norms which go on the free exchange of ideas and collaboration up and down the organizational ladder (Rothaermel, 2013). Employees, associates as they are called at Gore, likely show great respect to one another and to the customers for whom their products are developed (Rothaermel, 2013).Chapter 12Discussion Question 12.1 How can a firm lower the chances that key managers will pursue their own expedience at the expense of the stockholders? At the expense of the employees? Corporate governance tools are utilized to help align the interests of principals and agents, or organizations and employees (Rothaermel, 2013). A board of directors is one such tool which helps to prevent key managers to avoid pursuing their own self-interest at the expense of the stockholders (Rothaermel, 2013). A board of directors is independent, made up of both deep down and outside directors, and answers directly to the shareholders (Rothaermel, 2013). Another tool is executive compensation which links compensation to the performance of the club (Rothaermel, 2013). This means that the CEO would receive certain stock options in lieu of pay (Rothaermel, 2013).If the companys stocks are doing well, likely showing that the company is successfully operating, then the CEO receives greater value in the stock options (Rothaermel, 2013). The concept of the market as a corporate control has the potential to protect both stockholders and employees interests through a key managers fear of being replaced if the company performs poorly (Rothaermel, 2013). If a company is not performing well, then the stock prices will begin to plummet, increasing the opportunity for an entity to barter for enough shares to exert significant control over the company (Rothaermel, 2013).Such control would likely result in the removal of current management, and possibly the dismantling of the organization (Rothaermel, 2013). This clearly injur es the management, employees, and shareholders of the failing organization. Assuch, managers are motivated by the external market to perform well, thereby protecting the interests of stockholders and employees alike (Rothaermel, 2013). Discussion Question 12.2 Why are these two roles typically separated? Is it a positive development for so many firms to have a combined CEO and board chair?The two roles of management and ownership are typically separated to ensure that the board of directors maintains its necessary independence (Rothaermel, 2013). Where a board of directors is The decline point in time differs from those above, as it introduces four strategic options for firms to pursue (1) exit, (2) harvest, (3) maintain, and (4) consolidate (Rothaermel, 2013). The exit strategy is precisely as it says it involves the firm choosing to leave the market to pursue other endeavors (Rothaermel, 2013).The harvest strategy means that the firm will noneffervescent sell the product or serv ice, but will reduce the level of investment in its sustainment and development (Rothaermel, 2013). The maintain strategy is also exactly what it sounds like the firm continues offering the product or service at the same level as it has been, despite the declining demand (Rothaermel, 2013). The consolidate strategy involves the buy of rivals in an effort to shrink the industry, which provides firms employing this strategy to reach near-monopolistic status (Rothaermel, 2013).ReferencesRothaermel, F. T. (2013). Strategic Management. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Walmart. Our story. Retrieved on January 25, 2015, from http//corporate.walmart.com/our-story/

The Purple Rose of Cairo Essay Example for Free

The Purple Rose of capital of Egypt Essay direct has captured and enchanted audiences since its origination with the Lumiere Brothers and, as it developed, it began to be used to convey messages and ideas. Film started to convey a creative outlet that then turned to a catalyst of philosophical thought. Film theorist Sergei Einstein expressed that hold as a work of art, understood dynamically, is just the process of place images in the feelings and mind of the spectator.Thus, directors began to realize that audience manipulation was possible through the images and sounds they delivered, as headspring as through the way these images and sounds were presented it all has an effect of how viewers thought of and interpreted the films. This is especially unmortgaged in the German film, Triumph of Will, directed by Leni Reifenstahl. While the film is brilliantly made, with moving cameras, the habit of long focus lenses, aerial photography, and a revolutionary approach to musical accompaniment, the film was also implausibly propagandistic and manipulative at the time of its release.The entire film is a vehicle to levy the ideologies of Hitler beginning with Germanys near-destruction in World War I and depicting Hitler as a messiah, descend from the skies to greet his vehement followers. In the opening minutes of the film, there are close-up and over-the-shoulder shots of Hitler, reservation him seem kinda personable, adored, and well-nighwhat noble. There are also shots of children approaching him, covering that the ideas of innocence and purity are to be seen as parallel to the views and goals Hitler himself.Aesthetically, the entire film is superbly d genius, and politically its manipulative powers are astonishing. By display Germany as unified under the divine rule of Hitler, it brought the nation together and created one of the most blasting and powerful nations in the 1940s. While film can be used as propaganda, like in Nazi Germany, it can also be used to provoke thought, preferably than control it, manipulate it, or deceive it. In Woody Allens film The Purple Rose of Cairo, the audience is pushed to move beyond the appearance of things and consider other worlds, other perspectives.For the heroine, Cecilia, film is an escape and an out(predicate) inspiration. According to the fictitious photograph (The Purple Rose of Cairo), the purple rose itself is supposed to grow in a pharaohs grave accent the expression of a perfective have a go at it. However, no flower can grow without light making it an impossible inspiration. According to Plato, and to partially to Allen, our relationship with truth is rather grim. When we attend movies we are much like Platos captives, chained facing a cave wall, only seeing a world of shadows our reality is suspended. and another point is made although we can be deceived by shadows, we are also capable of mind and questioning anything, shadows included. Yes, film is an escape from realit y and the idea of being able to truly escape a somewhat horrid feel is unimaginably wonderful, but thats just it it is an idea. Change has to be brought on by oneself, not an unreliable outside source, and perfection is an illusion. I as a viewer absolutely love how Allen presents these ideologies in The Purple Rose of Cairo.He gives it an unconventional point of view, setting up a serial publication of contrasts between perfection and imperfection, reality and illusion, loving someone and being in love with someone, that forces us to believe about film as well as the actual content of the film. And this all ties back to Platos Allegory of the Cave our life is veiled and we must aspire to leave and become less unfree on the shadow world. What is interesting is that, in the film, Allen makes the audience unsure of which world is the shadow world and which is the illusion.The perfect world becomes the film world and the false one is the desired reality. As entertainment, the film i s great a nonsensical romantic comedy with a less-than-happy ending but philosophically it goes much deeper than that, provoking audiences to count about reality and the importance of imperfection. While on the subject of imperfection, a third film demands some attention. Alejandro Amenabars The Sea Inside presents a whole new perspective on what perfection in life is. Many people see suicide as a selfish act removing yourself from the lives of your love ones far earlier than they would have liked.However, the question of who is much selfish is posed. Is it the people who remove themselves when they feel no more connection to life or the people who expect those who want to leave to stay, regardless of their miserableness or feelings of lacking true connection to the vibrancy of life? Thus are the questions presented to audiences upon viewing this film. In my mind, everyone should have the freedom to choose the life they want to live, or not live and to choose what kernel they ta ke out of said life. In Clendines The Good Short Life, it is said that we sing of living life, but never of death.That we act as if facing death werent one of lifes greatest, most absorbing thrills and challenges and that being incoherent and immobile until one only sees friends and family as a passing cloud. Both Clendine and Ramon didnt want to put their loved ones through that, and taking ones life seemed to be the best solution. Both were vital to the end, and knew when to leave. In my opinion, if someone has legitimate, excusable reasons to want to leave this earth (such as a degenerative disease), that they have a right to do so.And if they cannot on their own accord due to that degenerative disease, I turn over that others (physicians, family members, friends) should be legally permitted to serve well them. They shouldnt be obligated to assist, but if they give consent and are willing to aid, I think they should be permitted. loot from Breathing Lessons and Ramon were al so similar on a few levels, but Mark had more hope and determination to live with dignity. Unlike Ramon who saw his life as undignified, Mark viewed it more as excessively challenging. Mark still desired life though considered suicide, but chickened out showing that he did truly still want to live.Ramon, however, was lost in his melancholy and nostalgia for the past, choosing to disregard the possibilities the future could bring. I think that it is a personal choice and that each individual should be given the liberty of making that choice. The phrase dying with dignity always reminds me of greek mythology when humiliated warriors would throw themselves on their swords for an honorable death, rather than live life in humility. I think Ramon saw his life as more bruise and therefore wanted to throw himself on his sword, so to speak.With this, I think that the US should have a death with dignity law. Everyone has a right to life, as well as a right to death. Film is one of the most i nfluential and powerful media. Its capabilities to provoke, cultivate, and manipulate audience thought is incredible and cost studying. The innovations that film itself has gone through the amount of genres it contains, special effects, and advancements in sound all contribute to film as a whole, and all contribute to the beauty of how film is created and suspends the reality of viewers if only for an min or two.

Failure Analysis Strategy Change Essay Example for Free

unsuccessful person depth psychology dodge Change EssayMovies engender al flairs been a past time enjoyed by many. As the technology continues to grow, many video stores ar going out of business and digital or online films are rising in popularity. blockbuster Video and Netflix are businesses that have been affected by these changes. Blockbuster undetermined in 1985 with the mission avowal of Our corporate mission is to provide our customers with the most convenient access to media entertainment, including movie and game entertainment delivered through multiple distribution channels such as our stores, by mail, trade and kiosks, online and at home. We believe Blockbuster offers customers a value-prices entertainment experience, combining the broad product depth of a specialty retailer with local neighborhood convenience (Farfan, 2010).Blockbuster continued with the vision statement of At Blockbuster, diversity means valuing differences. Its corporate value that must be continually developed, embraced, and incorporated into the way we do business (Farfan, 2010). Blockbuster operated with more than 7,400 stores worldwide and as soundly operated through 1,600 franchise stores. As technology started to change, customers began streaming movies from the cyberspace as well as using kiosks, such as Redbox, for movie rentals. argument became a large factor in Blockbuster and the failing of the order, but a large berth of the failure was due to manage changes and misunderstanding of the business as a whole (Dunston, 2014).Blockbuster FailureIn 2006 and 2007, Blockbuster was draw neared by the chief operating officer of Netflix, Reed Hastings, asking them to acquire Netflix. Hastings k sensitive that Netflix had non suppose a visualise to stop Blockbuster from stealing their customers, at the rate of a million per year. Blockbuster decided that the party did nonneed Netflix because Blockbuster had a stronger and larger growth, but then a change t hat was never expected happened. A new CEO was named for Blockbuster after a boardroom dispute. The man appointed CEO didnt fully understand the business and what Blockbuster needed in order to remain above the competition, especially Netflix. The CEO started changing plans for the company and however pulled out the meshing childbeds that had been in place for Blockbuster. Within 18 months, 85% of the capital value of the company had been lost inside in 2 years, it was completely gone (Dunston, 2014). NetflixNetflix views themselves as freedom of on-demand and the fun of indulgent viewing (Netflix, 2014). Netflix also focuses on the convenience of the no-hassle, online cancellation and offer movies and TV series network. Technology and good leadership is how Netflix became the leader in the industry (Halal, 2010).Netflix executives understood that the emerging technology was rapidly changing the delivery of movie rentals. CEO, Hastings, developed strategies involving Internet st reaming, convenient customer redevelopment, and the virtual organization to deliver it cheaply and flawlessly (Halal, 2010). Another part of Netflixs technology strategy was to avoid the burden of having to go to a video store for customers. Customer service is key to a successful business, so Hastings used a monthly subscription to allow customers to have access to unlimited rentals, including no late fees. Instead of the hassle of renting movies, the focus is providing convenience.With the mission statement and vision of Our core strategy is to grow our streaming subscription business domestically and globally. We are continually modify the customer experience, with a focus on expanding our streaming content, enhancing our user interface and extending our streaming service to even more Internet-connected devices, while staying within the parameters of our consolidated net income and operating segment contribution profit targets, shows that the company wants the best for the co mpany as well as their customers (Netflix, 2014). NetFlix Organizational TheoriesIn reading many articles online intimately the success of NETFLIX the two organizational behavior theories that have been seen in this company have been decision-making and system approaches. Netflixs huge decision to become a virtual DVD rental via online instead of going to genuine in-store purchases like Blockbuster, has located them at the top of the food chain. The technological advances alone for Netflix has change the industry forever, they took the systems approach by understanding the companys input and output process and integrated the drive in developing new adaptive capacities and innovation. Blockbusters organization theory of scientific leadership placed a great deal into how the company ran its in store business and how the objectives and decisions were placed within the company. If Blockbuster could focus more on the click feature like how Netflix did, and not dismiss the creative th inker that it would be a revolutionary change in the industry and within Blockbusters stockholders.Roles of Leadership and ManagementPer Netflix (2014) it has a functional organizational structure, which aims at its functions themselves, rather than by customer segments or regions. They have a CEO Reed Hastings has 6 departments that have managers within them that run it. The organization beyond those 6 managers is not as structured as the top echelon is, they run their departments as they see fit. The CEO has instilled in their managers the counselling style of Context, not Control (Siegler), implying that very little control is given to employees, rather employees are held trusty for their actions and are expected to work effectively and independently. Because of this idealists approach to management and how successful the company has been with it, they have entrap that they have no need to change their management style yet.Organizational value within Netflix has been on promot ing the stunning colleagues (Netflix.com, 2014), and their importance in a great workplace. They have 9 values that they show is precedency number 1 at Netflix, judgment, impact, curiosity, innovation, courage, passion, honesty and selflessness (Siegler). The basic values that they believe as a company are workplace efficiency, emphasis on effective over effort, management best practices, computer memory practices, and large emphasis on a large salary, rather than stock options and bonuses. They believe that thiscreates an environment that promotes productivity, and efficient work environment, which shows in colleague retention and overall happiness at Netflix.Part 2 atomic number 82 Organizational ChangeAs the CEO of Blockbuster it is my responsibility to evaluate the organizations structure as well as the power and political issues within the company. The CEO can be disconnected to what is going on at the operations level of the company if he or she does not put forth the effo rt to be involved. As the CEO I result be involved in the operations of the company and be a leader employees can look up to. To implement the organizations change I will use a strategy based on John Kotters 8 step plan for change. John Kotters 8 steps are establishing a sense of urgency, forming a powerful command coalition, creating a vision, communicating the vision, empowering others to act on the vision, planning for and creating short-term wins, consolidating improvements and producing still more changes, institutionalizing new approaches(Mintzberg, Lampel, Quinn 2003).As the CEO of blockbuster I see that technology is changing and we must keep up. If we do not keep up with the technological advances we are doomed to fail. I see the company as a technology company and not just a movie rental company. I do not want Blockbuster to just survive, I want Blockbuster to thrive. Blockbuster will start spend in new internet technologies and streaming services. We will align ourselv es with major motion picture studios to run into that we get the newest movies and offer our customers the best services possible. Upper management will actively seek new opportunities and new world markets to expand our services. All employees will be encouraged to provide new ideas and second-rater will not be accepted. Every aspect of the company will be evaluated and our services will provide our customers with the greatest movie streaming value.ReferenceDunston, Dain (2014). When Blockbuster Forgot What Business They Were In. Retrieved from www.daindunston.comFarfan, Barbara (2010). Company Mission Statements blast List of WorldsLargest Retail Missions. Retrieved from www.retailindustry.about.comHalal, Bill (2010). How Netflix Beat Blockbuster An Exemplar of Emerging Technologies. Retrieved from www.billhalal.comMintzberg, H., Lampel, J., Quinn, J. B. (2003). The Strategy Process Concepts, Contexts, Cases (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice HallNetflix Long Term Vie w (2014). Retrieved from http//ir.netflix.comNetflix copestone and Final Report (2014). Retrieved on January 7, 2014. http//mgmtclarity.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/capstone_final_report.pdf

Gender and sexuality Essay Example for Free

Gender and sexuality EssayGender and sexuality has permeated the character of Latin American tribes throughout level. Latin America has demonstrated examples of the soldieryipulation of gender as a means of a nations policy-making relation asserting its political and cordial control, and the history of the Cuban Revolution shows that Cuba is among such nations. Since its infancy in 1959 and through the 1990s, the Cuban subverter authorities has managed to achieve a well- record history of oppressive practices that has make the Cuban g all overnment the subject of much(prenominal) worldwide criticism and scrutiny over the years. Among the root of this oppression is a commitment to political and social control along gender lines for a greater nationalistic cause. non unlike other Latin American nations, gender roles as they be recognized in Cuba soak up been constructed and forcefully prescribed by the brass. The citizens of the nation adjudge been socialized to dis cern among masculine and fe anthropoid traits, as well understand why indisputable traits are desirable while others are non. These determinations consent had far-reaching consequences in the cultural realm of Cuban hostel.Social circles are designed partly upon a soulfulnesss recognition of and adherence to specific gender roles. A part of the Cuban extremist governments use of gender for political and social control is its attitude toward and relationship with male tribadisticness. The authoritative perse hopion of tribadistics in Cuba has been used by the subject in an insular fashion against its citizens for the purpose of controlling them, entirely besides as an outward political maneuver of serves to uphold national dignity and honor as part of a Cuban national identity that is to be recognized and respected throughout the live of the world.In asset to this piece of musics thesis being based on the Cuban noveltyary governments use of gender and sexuality a s a tool of political and social control, the pattern of patriarchy is a theory that is central to this thesis. Part of Cubas national identity is the remote nature of its government, which not unless applies to the relationship between the nominate and its citizens, but withal applies to the relationship between Cuba and other nations. Dominance and strength, two factors upon which patriarchy is based, are what Cuba stands to project to larger, more agencyful nations as a symbol of an exalted position in the world.As discussed in the paper, Cubas patriarchal government uses its rejection of paederasticity outwardly as a tactic of resisting and rejecting the sy bases and apotheosiss of nations that the Cuban Revolution finds itself to be fundamentally at betting odds with. Evidence of this can be imbed in works such as Ian Lumsdens Machos, Maric atomic number 53s, and Gays Cuba and Homosexuality. The arguments made in this paper are written around various primary documents that not only lose the central thesis, but also serve as a base for extended discussion of certain instalments that have contributed to a greater part of a nations history.One such element is the archetype of gender roles and norms being defined and prescribed by the state, which in turn affects its societys views. This includes the legal and penal mechanisms through which the prescriptions are upheld. Legal givement leads to a second element, which is nationalism as the penury for the states manipulation of gender and sexuality. This control of the Cuban people is part of a greater political agenda ensuring the success of the Cuban Revolution.A part of this political maneuver is maintaining the honor of the nation and defending its worldwide image. A third and final element is the fantasy of cultures and governments undergoing change over a period of quantify. much(prenominal) changes include the states gender-based ideas and prescriptions, as well as the catalysts for suc h change. These changes are ultimtately reflected in the attitudes of a nations people. The film Fresa y Chocolate is one of the primary sources that this paper is written around.Set in Cuba circa 1979, Fresa y Chocolate reflects the attitudes toward crotchet that were the norm in Cuba during the first twosome of decades of the Cuban innovation, and also depicts the governments use of gender and sexuality to advance its induce political agenda. What qualities make or do not make the extremist? What place does a homosexual have in the Cuban revolution? What is homosexuality supposed to mean to the communist juvenility? These are questions that Fresa y Chocolate raises and helps answer. The other primary documents that this paper is written around are the writings of controversial gay Cuban writer Reinaldo Arenas.This paper discusses some examples of the persecution that Arenas endured as a homosexual coming up during the Cuban Revolution. From physical attacks and censorship t o arrests and imprisonment, Arenas symbolized to the Cuban revolutionary government the classic threat to the patriarchal state that the government feared and aimed to neutralize. Although writings from a persecuted homosexual in Cuba stand to possibly reflect certain biases, it is important to assure at alternate points of view with the purpose of still supporting the basic arguments conveyed herein.For that reason, this paper will also discuss the works of writers such as Rafael L. Ramirez and Rafael Ocasio, who did not emerge from a situation similar to that of Arenass. Ocasio explicates that Reinaldo Arenas ab initio expressed interest in the Cuban Revolution, having left home at the age of fifteen to bring into being a guerilla fighter for Fidel Castro. (14) Arenas was rejected due to his young age and the fact that he had no firearms. His en and soiasm for supporting Castro eventually waned, however, and it was the sexual repression that Arenas encountered at his boarding school that began his discontent with the Castro regime.(17) Ocasio cites the reprisal that scholars set about if caught committing homosexual acts. In addition to expulsion, school officials also went as far as detailing the nature of students transgression in school records, thereby barring these homosexual students from other state-run schools. According to Ocasio, Arenas stated that arrest and incarceration could also result from certain instances of such activity. (17) This made Arenas aware of politically-related persecution of homosexuals as an adolescent.Systematic, state-sanctioned persecution of homosexuals is pass on exemplified by the nighttime roundups of homosexuals unionised by Cuban police, a practice that traces back to 1961. The earliest documented case of this is known as the Night of the Three Ps (prostitutes, pimps, y pederasts). Gay playwright Virgilio Pinera was among those who were arrested. (Ocasio 24) These raids were strictly politically-motivated, f or as Salas explains, police targeted anything they found in these raids that appeared to be antisocial or non-conformist, including clothing or hairstyles deemed inappropriate.In support of this, Salas cites an instance in which a Young Communist League leader was arrested in one of the raids despite not being involved in any homosexual activity. Police targeted him because of his long hair, which was cut by authorities. The man was released once he confirmed his identity. (155) Homosexuals targeted in these raids were considered part of a greater antisocial element that the government sought to eliminate.Ocasio explains that while officials assigned prostitutes to schools where they could supposedly be rehabilitated, Castro stated that homosexuals would be barred from the possibility of having any influence in cultural life, schools, or the arts. (24) The aforementioned(prenominal) roundups of homosexuals organized by Cuban police had an affect on Cubas intellectual community, and was only one example of the Castro regimes politically-inspired oppression. Various official narratives were made by the Cuban government against homosexuals as part of a nationally campaign promoting proper ethical policies that fostered acceptable revolutionary sort.It was clear that writers such as Arenas and artists such as Pinera were not seen by the new regime as conducive to the political achievement to which the Cuban revolutionary government aspired. This is supported by Castros famous Words to Intellectuals speech, which Ocasio cites as the first official statement made by the Cuban revolutionary government that determined the boundaries within which revolutionary writers and artists were to operate What are the rights of writers and artists, revolutionary or not?In support of the Revolution, every right against the Revolution, no rights. Homosexual persecution root in the Cuban revolutionary cause is indicative of the revolutionary governments concept of what it r eferred to as the parvenu Man. In Social Control and Deviance in Cuba, author Luis Salas discusses the states concept of the New Man as Cubas ideal revolutionary, which allows no place for a homosexual in the revolution. (166) According to Salas, such a question was clearly answered by Fidel Castro with the following statementNothing prevents a homosexual from professing revolutionary ideology and consequently, exhibiting a correct political position. In this case he should not be considered politically negative. And yet we would never come to recall that a homosexual could actualise the conditions and requirements of conduct that would enable us to consider him a true revolutionary, a true Communist militant. A deviation of that nature clashes with the concept we have of what a militant Communist must be. Salas contends that to the Cuban revolutionary, the New Man represents strength, honor, and connotes maleness and virility.(166) Conversely, homosexuality is considered to rep resent wishy-washyness, a classically feminine trait. The strength needed to be a true revolutionary is something that the Cuban revolutionary government saw in the uncorrupted young of Cuba. The youth of the nation was regarded by the state as one of the most treasured possessions of the nation that was anticipate contribute to the success of the revolution, and as such, was to be protected from a group viewed as seducers of small children. (167)This aforementioned political attitude with regards to homosexuals in relation to the communist youth of Cuba was reflected in the film Fresa y Chocolate. In the film, David is a young communist university student who initially views an older homosexual artist named Diego as soulfulness who is to be blocked and not to be trusted. Davids roommate Miguel is even more militant in his revolutionary, prejudiced stance, and resorts to using David to spy on Diego due to his belief that Diego is a danger to the revolutionary cause and thus ca nnot be trusted.Although Diego eventually befriends David, there is a mutual understanding between both characters of the dangers that such a friendship can pose to a young communist like David, and David makes it clear to Diego that they are not to be seen together in macrocosm. This depiction is indicative of the states effort to socialize its youth towards anti-homosexual sentiment by portraying homosexuals as political obstacles and enemies of the state in assign to influence public opinion and sway political action in the governments favor.As Leiner explains, homosexuality play a role in Cubas prerevolutionary tourism economy, for the widespread solicitation of male prostitutes by gay tourists contributed to the economy. Furthermore, the social stratification of prerevolutionary Cuba also lured many heterosexual working-class men into the underworld of homosexual prostitution in order to earn a living. According to Leiner, the homosexual bourgeoisie largely controlled this un derworld as did American organized crime, which managed the lucrative, but seedy occupational sector based on prostitution, drugs, and gambling.Such an aspect of prerevolutionary Cuban history is indicative of fears present among state officials in revolutionary Cuba, who perceived homosexuality as fertile ground for the re-emergence of American imperialism, the bourgeoisie, and classism in Cuban society. This is consistent with Lumsdens contention of revolutionary Cubas regulation of gender and sexuality in Cuba being a part of the states willingness to overcome underdevelopment and resist American efforts to prevent the revolution from succeeding.(xxi) According to Salas, gays were a remnant of capitalism in the eyes of the militant Cuban revolutionary. According to the Cuban government, the New Man was not motivated by the decadence and wanton lusts that characterize homosexuality, which the government believe was associated with the selfishness that marked capitalist societies. In a speech given on July 26, 1968, Fidel Castro characterized the revolutions ideal New Man as possessing an altruistic and humanistic natureIn a communist society, man will have succeeded in achieving effective as much understanding, closeness, and brotherhood as he has on occasion achieved within the narrow circle of his own family. To live in a communist society is to live without selfishness, to live among the people, as if every one of our fellow citizens were really our dearest brother. In addition to the idealism of Castros statement, there is also the character of the language behind his statement that is undoubtedly male as well as overwhelmingly exclusionary.The ideals promoted by Castro in the above excerpt can just as easily be prescribed to women for them to live by such ideals, but the macho/ socialistic amalgam questioned whether male homosexuals could. (Leiner 27) Leiner explains a study conducted by esteemed commentator Lourdes Casal, who analyzed the influence that the Cuban revolution had on Cuban literature. According to Leiner, Casal discovered a general disdain for homosexuals reflected in over 100 novels. Casal contended that the rejection of homosexuality was the rejection of femininity.Accusing a man of being a homosexual was to be considered an charge on that mans masculinity, and was considered synonymous with deeming that man a female who is devoid of strength and unworthy of holding power. (23) Such a meaning prescribed to the title homosexual underscores the nature of the Cuban governments patriarchal structure, in which power is directly associated with being a man both physically and sexually. Leiner also explains that in revolutionary Cuban society, the perception of homosexuality and therefore, femininity went beyond mere sexual p seed.Physical weakness and lack of muscularity, a lack of interest in physical competition, the display of a quiet demeanor, or a gentle, nurturing or sensitive nature were enough to raise s uspicion of homosexuality. According to Leiner, such qualities were perceived as weak and inferior, and therefore effeminate. The strong, abrasive, and competitive male was above suspicion of homosexuality. (22) The question of why homosexuals were perceived by the state as counter to the revolution remains partly unanswered.In addition to the Cuban governments belief that homosexuals possessed undesirable qualities such as weakness, cowardice, and perversion, the states view of homosexuals as a danger to the institution that is the traditional family further compelled the state and the society it influenced to write homosexuals off as antithetical to a socialist society. (Leiner 25) Lesbian playwright Ana Maria Simo was jailed for four-and-a-half months in 1965 and also suffered shock discussion to correct her simply due to her associating with people who were suspected of being homosexual.She was not a lesbian at the time. She states that she and her friends were political indivi dualists and anarchistic, and that is what bothered the government, not their being gay. (Ocasio 30) According to Leiner, lesbians were no cause of concern for the revolutionary government. Leiner states that Lourdes Casal found no mention, or even the vaguest hint of evidence of concern over lesbianism in either the pre- or post-revolutionary literary works that she analyzed.This is a manifestation of the Cuban governments patriarchal structure in that the governments complete absence of concern over the lesbianism in Cuba is indicative of the governments relegation of women as secondary, lesser others. (Leiner 23) Unlike homosexuals, lesbians posed no threat to the Cuban revolutionary cause, for the revolution never looked to women for signs of strength or power upon which the government could rely in order to ensure the success of the revolution.However, lesbians, even those who displayed overly masculine qualities, were still considered women just as homosexual males were, and b oth were deemed unqualified for revolutionary status by the state. Standards of gender and sexuality were prescribed and legitimized by the revolutionary state, thus criminalizing homosexuality. The governments enforcement of its prescriptions has been carried out via formal as well as informal means. A prime example of a formal method of this enforcement is penal legislation.Such legislation involving homosexuality can be found in two sections of the Cuban statutes. In one section of the statutes, legislation involves the relation between homosexuality and the states concept of social dangerousness. Article 73 of the Cuban Penal enrol regulates social dangerousness, and cites behavior deemed antisocial as its target. In Cuba, homosexuality has been legally deemed antisocial. (Salas 151) Lumsden cites the use of the word antisocial as a code to reap displays of homosexuality deemed ostentatious.(83) According to Salas, anti-homosexual legislation was considered a preventive measur e, for the display of so much as even an attitude that authorities perceived as antisocial justified police intervention. (Salas 153) These laws stem from government fears, such as the fear of the threat that homosexuality poses to the traditional family structure. There is also the governments fear of homosexuality hindering the success of the revolution, of which the fear of homosexuals corrupting the nations youth is a part.(Salas 154) The latter fear can explain homosexual males receiving much harsher punishments for having sex with underage boys compared to the punishments that males faced for having sex with underage females. (Lumsden 82) The fact that laws pertaining to homosexuality are in a section of the Penal Code that pertains to violations against sexual development and sexual relations that are considered normal is indicative of the states perception of homosexuality as a condition that is contagious and leads to pedophilia.For this reason, Article 317 also includes th e act of propositioning an adult for homosexual sex in its permanent barring of convicted sex offenders from the teaching profession and any other heavens in which such an adult stands to have authority or potential influence over children. (Lumsden 84) digression from the Cuban revolutionary governments fears related to the issue of homosexuality, the eagerness of some government officials to enforce anti-homosexual law is also indicative of their determination to remain above suspicion of being homosexual for their own fear of legal and social reprisal at the hands of the government.Examples of this are provided by Reinaldo Arenas in his highly acclaimed history Before Night Falls, in which he discusses various sexual encounters he had with homosexual government officials in Cuba. Arenas cited an incident in which a police officer with whom he had just had sexual intercourse actually arrested Arenas for being queer. Perhaps he thought that by being the alive(p) match he had n ot done anything wrong, Arenas stated.This statement by Arenas is a clear reference to the commonly held perception of the active, penetrating partner in a sexual act between two men not being a homosexual because his dominant position is considered a product of masculinity and power. This perception is diametrically opposed to the perception of the penetrated partner, for this partner assumes a role that is subordinate to the dominant penetrator, thus representing the role of a woman.In Arenass aforementioned discussion of his arrest, he stated that at the police station, the arresting officer attempted to explain his arresting Arenas by falsely accusing Arenas of groping him. However, Arenas managed to prove the officers involvement in the homosexual act by quickly admitting to the other officers that he still had the officers germ on his body, thus making the officer the subject of much surprise and scorn from his colleagues and work superiors.As part of his account of this inci dent, Arenas alluded to the revolutionary governments belief that it is not possible for a homosexual male to possess the qualities that makes a true revolutionary. At the same time, Arenas also made a reference to the belief of a homosexual male being equivalent to a woman They ended up saying it was a shame that a member of the police force would engage in such acts, because I, after all, had my weakness, but for him, being a man, there was no excuse for getting involved with a queer. Because he managed to achieve a position as a police officer in the Cuban revolutionary government, which included a convincing display of the masculine traits that the Cuban government believed were instrumental to the story of a true revolutionary, the police officer was undoubtedly a man in the eyes of the state, whereas Arenas was not. The engendering of the still and active partner in homosexual intercourse is not exclusive to Cuban revolutionary society, however.In What It Means to Be a Man, Casper and Ramirez cite the bugarron, a term used in Puerto Rican society to describe a male who is always the one to penetrate the male partner, yet always considers himself heterosexual. The bugarron blatantly dismisses the notion of his partners masculinity, and confirms his partner as the woman of the situation by calling his partner call such as mujer, mami, mamita, or loca.(96) Furthermore, the bugarrons usage of sexuality is highly ritualized to conserve his manhood and avoid being questioned about it. (Casper, Ramirez 97) The desire to only be a penetrator and never a recipient of sharpness serves as a political metaphor. The perception of a penetrator as heterosexual and undeniably male is underscored by masculine traits such as strength and dominance.Pingueros, a name given to male prostitutes in Cuba who only penetrate and refuse to be penetrated, represent the conquering of foreign bodies when solicited by gay tourists. (Chant, Kraske 139) This representation mirrors t he notion of Cuba not just fending off but successfully invading and screwing back the imperialist, capitalist nation that has or might wish to exploit Cuba for its own self-interests.Just like the concept of prescribing gender to an active and passive partner in sexual intercourse between two men was reached over time by way of changing attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions, attitudes and behaviors toward homosexuality in general changing over time is also to be considered. Cultures are not static they change over time, as do the notions of gender and sexuality in a culture. (Casper, Ramirez 27) Over the past decades, Cuba has witnessed a certain degree of change in attitudes and actions toward homosexuality on behalf of Cuban society at large as well as on behalf of the state.